Hello, today I would like to discuss the philosophy of Heidegger. Heidegger is one of the philosophers with very mixed evaluations. Some people claim that he is a genius in philosophy, the greatest philosopher of the 20th century, and has had the most powerful influence on modern society. On the other hand, many other scholars, especially analytic philosophers, argue that he is not worthy of such attention, even going as far as saying that much of his philosophy is nonsense and meaningless. Also, there is controversy over Heidegger's collaboration with the Nazis. Nevertheless, it seems undeniable that Heidegger's book Being and Time will be a great classic in Western history for a long time. Considering that his ideas presented in the book were influenced by the teachings of his predecessors, it seems very

Innovation seems certain. Personally, I think Heidegger is one of the core pillars of Western contemporary philosophy. So, today, I will try to explain my understanding of the book Being and Time in an easy way, avoiding the use of technical terms as much as possible. Hi, let's get started. First of all, Heidegger clearly states that being and beings are different, starting the discussion. Beings are things that exist in this world, and being is the existence of those beings. But what is this being? If you ask that suddenly, you might feel speechless, not knowing what to say. It may even seem like a stupid question right now. Actually, even until modern times, many philosophers think that being is a self-evident concept and there is nothing more to add to it. However, Heidegger thought that attitude was wrong. We have been asking too much about beings for a long time, and the existence of those beings.

What on earth is this question not even throwing that it is claimed that no one asked what on earth it is, how can so many questions be thrown at the beings themselves and how they are related to each other and how they move, thinking so much about those things, but when it comes to what on earth those beings exist, how can no one ask that question? By avoiding many things in that question, it is impossible to think. You have to ask first to think about it related to it. I will now ask about that existence, so I declare. However, I feel quite puzzled about how to start questioning about that existence. Even if I try to think about that existence, I feel like there is not much to say. If you try to think about that existence, you end up not knowing much about that existence.

In the past, based on the existence of God, the objects of the world explained the meaning of human existence. Stating that existence is something bestowed by God is much better than saying there was nothing. However, in modern times, the concept of God no longer plays a central role in academic areas. Now, we need to find a different approach to the question of existence. Heidegger found the root of that question in present existence. Present existence refers to the being who questions existence. That is, it is us, ourselves. Unlike other beings, humans can question existence. If present existence did not exist, there would be no one to question existence, and therefore, existence would remain deeply buried and could never be revealed. Ultimately, it is present existence that allows existence to be revealed. Therefore, we start with an analysis of present existence.

We must acquire the meaning of existence. This is the picture drawn by Heidegger in existence and time. The main topic is Dasein, which is a German word translated as being there. So, Dasein means being there. Therefore, I means existence. Thus, when we translate I literally, it becomes being there. When Heidegger said that I refers to the current existence, he meant that it refers to us humans. According to Heidegger, fundamentally, what kind of existence are we? We are already always existing there. What does this mean? In my own words, simply put, it means that we are not free beings from the context. Here, there does not only have a spatial meaning. Of course, it includes a spatial meaning, but it also teaches that we exist within a certain context or meaning. If you think about it in this way, you will find it easier to understand.

I will use the word context here, even though I didn't go there, but I personally think it is a good Korean word to understand the idea of ​​being. When we usually think about it, we think that as individuals, we exist independently first, so I just exist independently, and I meet objects that are separate from me in the external world in some way, right? So, in our academic imagination, we first think that I and other objects exist separately, and then we think about how I perceive them when I meet those objects. The inner world and the external world are fundamentally distinguishable. However, according to Heidegger, we are always already encountering various objects and always in some situation, so why do we need to think that we exist independently from the context?

Do we exist? If we say we exist, it is always within a certain context, within a certain life. When are we truly free from the context? Isn't that existence already containing the context, the most fundamental dimensions, and the surrounding three situations? This is the thought. Do I exist independently, do I exist first, and then relate to other things, or is it that the situation, including the three months, is already included in the existence, in the context? This is the difference in thought. Especially in the view of Heidegger, what context are we in? We are primarily within ourselves. Those of you watching this video are definitely using some kind of machine to watch it. I am using this camera to record this video, and someone is sitting in a chair watching it.

Some people will be lying on the bed, and some will be standing deeply on the ground. In this way, we always interact with surrounding objects in a way that is useful to us. When we think about it, there is no pure self that is not in a relationship with anything. If we look at how the beings around us manifest to us, their existence also manifests within the context of being used. When there is water in front of us, it is not just random water, it is for me to drink. If I don't wash my hands, the dirty part that I cannot use will be revealed. When we hear sounds coming from outside the window, whether it's a pleasant bird sound, a loud car sound, or just an okay sound, listening to pure noise without any context is actually a very selfish act.

This phenomenon, which refers to the process of entering usefulness within the context of existence from one's own perspective, is what should be considered. We look at objects in the world and interpret what meaning they hold. No matter how completely new something we encounter for the first time, we extract meaning from it. Even if we suddenly teleport to a completely new universe, we will still perceive the surrounding objects within the context of the environment. We distinguish consciously between what we can eat, what we cannot eat, where we can sleep, and where we cannot before intentionally making distinctions. From the moment we encounter this new world, we will understand it in terms of usefulness. If there is no such context of usefulness, some objects may be meaningless. However, we may not even know that something exists, let alone understand it.

It is scary because we can think that such things as cows and horses exist only when we have the context of usefulness related to those things. Also, if such context does not exist at all, we cannot strictly say that the thing does not exist. Because not existing means that something that should be there is missing, or it is fortunate that something that could cause trouble is not there, etc., expressed within the context. Even if it is not in a clear and defined context like this, there is already some vague context, so something can be absent. A vacant spot can be seen. Therefore, when we say whether something exists or not, it is not simply talking about an object that exists independently, but speaking within a meaning and context that has been previously given.

Existence is manifested primarily through the meaning of use. This is the first important content contained in the book Existence and Time. So, the content I have prepared for today ends here for now. Next, I will continue to easily discuss interesting parts related to existence and time. Thank you.

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