블라디미르 푸틴 리더십의 부상, 권력, 그리고 논란

### 블라디미르 푸틴의 삶과 정치 여정: KGB 요원에서 대통령이 되기까지
* 🇷🇺 1952년 상트페테르부르크에서 태어난 블라디미르 푸틴은 **공동주택에서 소박하게 시작**하여 러시아 정치를 지배하는 인물로 성장했습니다.
* 🕵 상트페테르부르크 주립대학교를 졸업한 후 그는 **KGB에 입대하여 드레스덴에서 위장 요원**으로 근무하며 훗날 정치 경력을 쌓는 데 도움이 되는 기술을 연마했습니다.
* 🏛 그는 민주적으로 선출된 최초의 상트페테르부르크 시장인 **아나톨리 소브차크의 고문**이 되면서 정치적 입지를 다지기 시작했고, 결국 **모스크바와 옐친 행정부**로 이어졌습니다.
* 🗳 푸틴은 **2000년에 처음으로 대통령에 당선**되어 평화적 정권 이양이라는 러시아 역사상 중요한 순간을 맞이했으며, 경제 개혁에 주력하여 **연간 7%에 달하는 성장률**을 기록하는 등 성장의 시기를 이끌었습니다.
* 📉 그러나 그의 임기는 **정치적 반대자와 언론인의 의문의 죽음 등 논란**으로 얼룩져 민주주의를 위한 그의 행정부의 노력에 의문이 제기되고 있습니다.
* 📅 2012년에는 선거 부정 의혹에 대한 항의 시위에도 불구하고 **러시아의 시리아 개입과 미국 선거 개입 의혹 등 국제사회의 감시가 강화**되는 가운데 재선에 성공해 대통령직을 연장했습니다.
* 🐻 독재자 이미지를 구축하는 것으로 유명한 푸틴은 **모험적인 활동과 무술에 참여**하며 글로벌 무대에서 위협적인 지도자로서의 페르소나를 강화하고 있습니다.
* 🔒 푸틴의 통치 방식과 리더십에 대한 논란에도 불구하고 여론조사에 따르면 **러시아 국민들 사이에서 상당한 수준의 지지**를 받고 있는 것으로 나타나 푸틴과 국민 간의 복잡한 관계를 짐작할 수 있습니다.

블라디미르 푸틴은 수십 년 동안 러시아에서 강력한 지도자로서의 지위를 유지하면서 권력 역학 관계를 능숙하게 탐색해 왔습니다.

Known for being photographed shirtless and alongside wild animals (perhaps at the same time), Vladimir Putin has cultivated an image as an intimidating and fearless figure on the world stage. He’s a martial arts expert, a fearless political actor, and a former spy. His resume holds a certain cachet in the West. As a former KGB agent, he’s automatically associated with secrecy, intimidation, and the old fears Americans had of the Soviet Union for much of the 21st Century. Putin has said of himself that he lived for a long time as an ordinary person, and ordinary is all he wishes to be. For decades though, he has been anything but ordinary, as he has spent his life climbing the ranks of the Russian government, moving farther and farther away from his “ordinary” roots. [INTRO] Early Life He was born in St. Petersburg in 1952, in the midst of the Cold War. Putin had two older brothers, but both died during childhood, so Putin was raised essentially

as an only child. He was an atheist as a child, but now is an Eastern Orthodox Christian. During Putin’s childhood, his mother stayed at home, and his father, a veteran of World War II, worked in a factory. As an interesting aside, his grandfather was a cook who worked for Vladimir Lenin and even prepared meals for Stalin a few times! The Putin family lived in a communal apartment shared by three families, a home where Putin says he used to hunt rats in the stairwell, perhaps a precursor to his later fascination with hunting (and with wild animals in general). Growing up, Putin didn’t prove himself to be anything special in his early years. But then, at the age of 12, he discovered athletic competition… It was in the midst of a competition that Putin began to set himself apart. Martial arts was his chosen sport - particularly Sambo and Judo. Though his mother did not initially approve of his participation in these sports, Putin

proved himself to be a worthy and skilled competitor in both. At one point, his coach even showed up at the Putin home to speak with his mother about how much promise he showed. Well, that did the trick, and his parents began to support his athletic pursuits. Putin now holds a black belt in Judo and has continued to compete in both Sambo and Judo, establishing himself as the first world leader to be at an advanced level in these sports. He also remains the President of the same Dojo he practiced in while growing up. Though he established himself as athletically talented, Putin did not excel academically during his childhood. He attended a local school for his early years and then attended a magnet school focused on chemistry. He didn’t push himself, but his teachers saw that he had potential and encouraged him to focus as much on his schoolwork as he did on his martial arts practice. In the sixth grade, Putin began to push himself, and it showed in his grades.

He was welcomed into the Young Pioneers, the youth group run by the Communist Party. This was a mark of honor, as Putin had previously been one of only a few from the class not to be welcomed into the organization. From 1970 to 1975, Putin continued his studies at Saint Petersburg State University. While there, he studied law and was required to join the Communist Party. He later left the Party, denouncing communism in 1991 when he said of Marxism-Leninism that: “it became more and more obvious for me, more obvious truth that it was nothing more than a beautiful and harmful fairy tale.” At Saint Petersburg State University, Putin met Anatoly Sobchak, who would become a key figure in Putin’s political success. Sobchak was an assistant professor at the school, but he actually went on to co-author the Constitution of the Russian Federation and was also the first democratically-elected mayor of St. Petersburg.

KGB Agent Putin graduated from Saint Petersburg State University in 1975, and it was then that he joined the KGB. The KGB was the Soviet Union’s security agency for much of the twentieth century. It was created in 1954 and continued to operate until 1991 when the Soviet Union itself was dismantled. Translated to English, KGB stands for State Security Committee. It had a reputation for oppression and monitoring the actions and opinions of Soviet citizens. The KGB was a truly frightening organization for democracy and an indication of the dangers of Communism to westerners. The organization quelled rebellions and kept a close eye on anyone suspected to be in opposition to the Soviet regime. Putin started his career with the KGB in Leningrad, but later he was moved to Dresden, Germany. Before his transfer to Germany, Putin married. To this day, he keeps his home life very private, and information about his family is closely

guarded. He and his wife, Lyudmila, were married from 1983 until their divorce in 2013. Their divorce was seemingly amicable, with no specific reason given for it, though Lyudmila made reference to Putin’s dedication to his work and the time investment required to serve as a world leader. They have two daughters together, Maria and Yekaterina, both of whose lives remain incredibly secretive. They both used fake names to register for college, and it’s not entirely known in which country either of the Putin daughters currently lives. In 2016, European newspapers even described Maria as a ‘secret’ daughter - noting that she had not been known to be photographed during the entire length of Putin’s time in power. For a former spy and a powerful man with many enemies, it is perhaps sensible that his daughters have maintained this secret life... Putin has stated: “I have a private life in which I do not permit interference.

It must be respected.” Putin moved with his family to Dresden, where he served with the KGB for five years. He was fluent in German and still speaks the language today, and has stated that he feels more comfortable using German than English. Putin served in the Dresden post from 1985 to 1990, working as an undercover agent, playing the part of a translator. The work, though not all of what Putin did is known, wasn’t necessarily particularly exciting. Much of it was simply amassing information on people, ensuring they remained loyal to the Soviets and were not plotting any kind of rebellion. In 1989, the situation became more dicey for Soviets stationed in Dresden. During one incident, as it became more clear that East Germany was falling out of Soviet control, Putin and his colleagues feared for their lives as crowds stormed the KGB headquarters in Dresden. Putin called in the Soviet military for help, but was told nothing could be done to help.

them unless Moscow gave the order. Something Moscow never did. While Putin and his colleagues survived that day, it had become increasingly clear that the situation was unstable. During this time, Putin and other KGB agents began burning files so that when the day came and their headquarters was overtaken or abandoned, or both, no files would be left in the hands of their enemies. Post-KGB Life The Berlin Wall fell in November of 1989, and soon after Putin and his family returned to Russia. By this point, Putin held the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the KGB. However, the KGB was nearing the end of its existence, and Putin was able to find work at the State University of Saint Petersburg. He was no ordinary professor though... he was still working with the KGB. Part of his job included keeping an eye out for students who showed promise as potential new KGB recruits. Through this job, Putin was also able to reconnect with his former professor Anatoly Sobchak.

Sobchak was elected the Mayor of St. Petersburg in 1991, and Putin joined his team as an adviser. He worked for Sobchak until 1996. When Sobchak lost re-election, Putin could have opted to continue working for his successor, but Putin believed that taking a job with Sobchak’s political opponent would be disloyal, and he instead chose to move to Moscow to begin working with the Yeltsin Administration. Politics During Boris Yeltsin’s presidency, Putin quickly rose through the ranks, first serving as Deputy Chief Administrator for the Kremlin (Russia’s version of the White House), and by 1999, he was named the Secretary of the Security Council and became Yeltsin’s chief advisor on matters of foreign relations and intelligence. Then, Putin’s career really got a boost… Yeltsin decided he didn’t want to keep his current Prime Minister, so he got rid of him.

That was in August of 1999. Putin was the beneficiary of this decision as Yeltsin named Vladimir Putin to the post. Yeltsin offered Putin the position as a “Prime Minister with prospects,” somewhat foreshadowing the next step in Putin’s career. Only months after naming Putin as Prime Minister, Boris Yeltsin himself stepped down, and Vladimir Putin became the Acting President of Russia in December 1999. Then, only three months later in March of 2000, Putin was officially elected and became President of Russia in his own right. Ten opponents ran against him for President, but he won, and for the first time in Russia’s history, there was a peaceful transfer of power to a Democratically-elected President. Putin used his first term to advocate for certain international policies, including approval of the START II arms treaty and improving relations with China. Putin was also initially supportive of the United States’ War on Terror that followed.

the 9/11 terrorist attacks, but he did not support the United States’ invasion of Iraq. During Putin’s first summer in power, tragedy struck Russia when the Kursk Submarine sank in the Barents Sea in August. Putin was on vacation when the sinking occurred, and he did not immediately return home to address the sinking and the deaths of all 118 crew members who had been on board. Then, when asked what went wrong for the Kursk, Putin replied starkly that: 'It sank.' Distraught and angry, Russians were attacking their President for his handling, or lack thereof, of the Kursk disaster, with some even accusing him of leaving sailors to die when a rescue might still be possible. Despite that, opinion polls showed that overall his image did not sustain much damage from the tragedy. Four years later, the Kursk tragedy did not affect his re-election. In 2004, the Russians re-elected Putin to a second term as their President.

They were apparently pleased with the job he had been doing, as Putin received over 70% of the vote. Second Term During his first term in office, Putin had focused on economic reforms. Having denounced communism, he instead supported an economic system that was essentially capitalism with very strict regulations and oversight. After years of economic struggle, Russia was finally beginning to see a stabilizing and even growing economy under Putin. Some reports put Russia’s growth during his first term at 7% annually. He’s still remembered favorably for this growth, though it came with increased nationalization of industry and, in part because of the mid-2000’s global financial crash, the growth did not last. But in a country whose economy was in disarray for nearly the entire decade before Putin’s rise to power, an era of growth in which disposable income nearly doubled was reason for the people to think positively of Putin. Putin continued to work on economic policies in his first term, but also made strides in

foreign relations, including making a historic trip to Israel. This trip was the first by a Russian leader to the country. Conversations between Putin and Israeli leaders focused largely on security issues. The trip garnered much attention around the world, as it came in the midst of strengthening ties between Russia and Israel, though the two nations disagreed on topics such as the Russian sale of missiles to Syria. The trip was also seen as a move by Putin to help secure Russia’s position as a key diplomatic actor in any Mideast peace discussions or agreements. Security issues were present not just abroad though, and homeland security would become a major focus for Putin. Unfortunately, this is something that became all too clear during the horrific tragedy at the Beslan School in 2004... In September, terrorists held over 1,000 people hostage at the Beslan School in North Ossetia. Nearly 800 of these hostages were children. For three days, the terrorists, demanding Chechnyan independence from Russia, held these

people hostage. The situation ended tragically when tanks, rockets, and other artillery were used by the Russian military to try to clear the school. Special forces entered the school after hearing explosions from inside where the hostages were being kept, but their actions did not save lives. Quite the contrary… in the siege of the school, over 300 people died, nearly two-thirds of whom were children. The tragedy shook the world, and while the government was cleared of wrongdoing initially, the European Court of Human Rights later stated that Russia had used excessive force, and lacked caution, when they stormed the school… Despite anger and discontentment at the government’s handling of the tragedy in general, it did not affect the public’s view of Putin very much at all. Quite the opposite in fact. A poll taken after the Beslan massacre stated that 83% of Russians were still happy with him. The Beslan tragedy did lead to changes in the halls of power of the Russian government.

though, primarily giving more power to the Russian President. For instance, instead of electing governors in regions like North Ossetia and Chechnya, the President would have the power to appoint governors. In 2007, during his second term, Putin was named Time Magazine’s Person of the Year. The magazine called the final year of his second term “his most successful yet,” and the cover photo for the issue, a portrait of Putin, won the photographer the World Press Photo Award. During the shoot, the two discussed their mutual admiration for the Beatles... This connection helped Putin become more comfortable and gave the photographer the chance to get his award-winning shot of the intimidating world leader. No matter how popular Putin was, though, the Russian people could not elect him to a third term. The Russian Constitution forbade it. However, Putin found a way around this rule just when his time in office was about to run out...

“Presidency.” Presidential terms in Russia had been extended to six years, but this change did not benefit Putin. He was still beholden to the previous Constitutional rules. So how did he get to stay in power? The man who was elected Russia’s next President, Dmitri Medvedev, was a protégé of Putin’s and had benefitted from Putin’s rise to power. Neither he nor Putin wanted Putin to be pushed off the international stage, and so Medvedev named Putin as Russia’s Prime Minister - a position he had previously held under Boris Yeltsin. After thirteen years in leadership, Putin would remain at the highest levels of Russia’s government. He and his supporters were able to keep him in power and stay in line with the law, although perhaps not in line with its exact intent. During his third term as Prime Minister from 2008-2012, Putin focused on dealing with the economic crisis that swept the world, as well as Russia’s population problems.

Russia’s population was falling by one million people a year - a devastating number for a country whose population is only 150 million. In 2010, the trend reversed and Russia’s population began to grow. The reversal is in part credited to Putin’s economic reforms - when people have more money, it is easier to support a larger family. One of Putin’s economic reforms included joining the World Trade Organization in 2012. Negotiations for Russia to join the WTO lasted nearly two decades (as they had started after the fall of the Soviet Union.) Russia was granted entry into the WTO after negotiations reached a point which granted Russia permission to phase in the opening of markets, while it aligned with other WTO trading requirements. Now, while his political party retained dominance, and Putin was again the candidate for President in 2012, he did not escape politically unscathed from his maneuver to hold on to power by sidestepping the term limits law.

The elections for President in 2012 were heavily protested, with claims of fraud tainting Putin’s election to a third term. The task of the government is not only to pour honey into a cup, but sometimes to give bitter medicine. - Vladimir Putin. But, despite those protests, he was inaugurated in May of 2012, and this time his term would be six years. This means that Putin will be President of Russia until at least 2018, and with allegations of his interference in United States elections, his prominence in the world only seems to grow. Controversy Putin has continued to be re-elected and re-appointed to positions at the highest level of Russian government, but his time in office has not been without questions surrounding his shady actions. Among the high points - or low points we should say - of intrigue surrounding Putin are the murders of Russian journalists. Deaths of journalists were a point of concern in Russia long before Putin’s rise to power,

but the issue began to get a lot of international attention during Putin’s second term as President when journalist Anna Politkovskaya was murdered. Politkovskaya had been a strong critic of Putin and the war in Chechnya. Even before her death, she was poisoned but recovered. Her murder remains unsolved, but there is suspicion that Putin and his government targeted her. Politkovskaya is far from the only Putin opponent whose death has occurred in suspicious circumstances. In March 2017, the Washington Post even published a list of ten such deaths. Among those deaths were a former Deputy Prime Minister and Putin critic who was shot outside the Kremlin, a tycoon whose death was initially called a suicide but now that is unsure, a journalist who was kidnapped and shot in the woods, a former KGB agent who was found to be poisoned by Russian agents, and a journalist who died of a “mystery illness” and whose

medical records have been sealed… Certainly, plenty of intrigue… Public Image. Though many of these deaths may never be proven beyond doubt to be the work of Putin’s government, one thing is for certain - Vladimir Putin does not like to be viewed as weak. He has done all he can to prove his strength and to show the world that he is strong and manly. Beyond his active participation in martial arts, he shows his power and dominance by hunting, tracking, and posing with wild animals. He’s caught huge fish - including a 46-pound pike - and shot a crossbow at a whale... only to tranquilize it though! He also once saved a camera crew from a Siberian tiger that was about to attack them during a tour of a wildlife sanctuary. Further, he’s gotten close enough to polar bears to attach a tracking device to them to help out with a research project. Polar bears might look cute from afar, but they’re actually incredibly vicious creatures.

Putin has also attached himself to an experimental flying machine to accompany birds on migration. He always does these things carefully, making sure there were photographers present… The more I know about people, the more I like dogs. I simply like animals. - Vladimir Putin. When he’s not hanging out with wild animals, Putin makes time for other adventurous and athletic activities. He dives in the Black Sea, explores shipwrecks, plays hockey, rides snowmobiles and motorcycles, and has driven a Formula One race car. Once, during a visit to a Russian youth camp, he even challenged attendees to arm wrestle with him! Then, not content with arm wrestling as a show of strength, he tried to bend a frying pan with his bare hands. Naturally, photographers caught all of these shows of strength, and the photos have been distributed and viewed around the world. From his days at school cultivating an athletic reputation to his time as President and Prime

Minister, Putin has made it known that he is a man to be reckoned with. Putin Today During his most recent term as President, with two years of a term yet to go, Putin has found himself centered on the world stage. Russia has been involved in the Syrian Civil War, supporting the government of Bashar Al-Assad. In early July of 2017, Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump announced a ceasefire in southwestern Syria, and weeks later Russia announced that it had signed a deal with Syria allowing Russia to keep its airbase in the country for at least fifty more years. In addition to Syria, perhaps Putin’s most talked-about involvement has been the alleged interference of Russia in the U.S. elections. From hacking allegations to questions of illicit meetings and deals with members of Trump’s inner circle, the U.S and world media have made Putin and his political dealings a household conversation topic... Vladimir Putin began his life growing up in a communal apartment in the midst of Russia.

during the Cold War, and has become an internationally polarizing figure. He’s been strong and unapologetic in his foreign policy and use of force, and questions swirl around his treatment of political opponents and critical journalists. Putin is unwilling to sit back and be a shrinking violet on the world stage, ensuring Russia remains a world power with a great deal of influence. He has done all that he can to cultivate an image of strength both for Russia as a country and for himself personally, showing no signs of stopping his adventurous and daredevil lifestyle even as he enters his sixties. Vladimir Putin has undoubtedly made a place for himself in world history, and with him eligible for re-election in 2018, we may still have many years of Putin on the world stage ahead of us.

Vladimir Putin - KGB to President... for Life? - Biography

Biographics

블라디미르 푸틴의 어린 시절과 권좌에 오르다

1952년 상트페테르부르크에서 태어난 블라디미르 푸틴은 공동주택에서 자랐고, 두 형을 잃고 힘든 어린 시절을 보냈습니다.

12살 때 무술을 배우기 시작했고, 이는 그를 차별화하며 위협적인 이미지를 구축하는 데 기여했습니다.

푸틴은 제자인 드미트리 메드베데프에 의해 정치적 입지를 다졌으며, 첫 임기 동안 경제 개혁에 집중하여 러시아의 성장과 안정기를 이끌었습니다.

블라디미르 푸틴의 어린 시절과 정치적 부상

푸틴은 처음에는 영 파이오니어스에서 제외되었지만 나중에 이 조직에 합류하면서 인생의 전환점을 맞이하게 됩니다.

그는 상트페테르부르크 국립대학교에서 법학을 공부했고, 그곳에서 정치적 성공의 핵심 인물인 아나톨리 소브차크를 만났습니다.

집권 기간 동안 베슬란 학살과 쿠르스크 잠수함 참사 등 논란과 비극이 있었지만 푸틴의 대중적 이미지는 크게 영향을 받지 않았고 2004년 재선까지 이어졌습니다.

푸틴은 1991년 소브차크의 고문으로 합류했고 소브차크가 재선에 실패한 후 모스크바로 자리를 옮겼습니다.

옐친 대통령 재임 기간 동안 빠르게 승승장구하여 안보리 서기장과 대외 관계 수석 고문이 되었습니다.

2012년 세계무역기구 가입을 비롯한 푸틴의 경제 개혁은 러시아의 인구 증가에 기여했지만, 그의 딸들은 가명을 사용하고 대중의 관심을 피하는 등 사생활은 비밀에 부쳐졌습니다.

블라디미르 푸틴의 리더십과 활동

푸틴의 역사적인 이스라엘 방문은 러시아 지도자로서는 처음으로 안보 문제와 양국 간의 유대 강화에 초점을 맞춘 방문이었습니다.

2004년 테러리스트들이 1,000명 이상을 인질로 붙잡은 베슬란 학교 참사는 푸틴에게 국토 안보의 중요성을 강조했습니다.

다이빙, 난파선 탐험, 청소년 캠프 참가자 도전 등 그의 모험적인 활동은 널리 사진으로 찍혀 그의 운동선수로서의 명성을 높이는 데 기여했습니다.

선거 대신 주지사를 임명하는 방식으로 권력을 잡은 푸틴은 두 번째 임기 동안 인기가 치솟아 2007년 타임지의 '올해의 인물'로 선정되었습니다.

그는 독일 드레스덴에서 5년 동안 KGB 요원으로 근무하면서 유창한 독일어 실력과 탄탄한 인맥을 쌓았습니다.

유도와 삼보에서 운동으로 성공을 거둔 푸틴은 어린 시절 학업 성적이 부진했지만, 초등학교 6학년이 되어서야 스스로 노력하기 시작했고 결국 성적을 크게 향상시킬 수 있었습니다.

논란이 되고 있는 블라디미르 푸틴의 유산

푸틴의 두 번째 대통령 임기 중 정부에 대한 강력한 비판자였던 언론인 안나 폴리코브스카야가 살해되어 국제적인 관심을 끌었습니다.

푸틴의 반대자들 사이에서 수상한 죽음이 잇따르자 정부 개입에 대한 의혹이 제기되었습니다.

시위와 사기 혐의에도 불구하고 푸틴은 시리아 내전 개입과 미국 대선 개입 의혹을 통해 세계 무대에서 영향력을 키우며 권력을 유지해 왔습니다.