18세기 북미 식민지의 성숙기

### 북미 식민지의 발전: 1700-1750
* 🗺 1700년 북미 지도에는 **1694년 윌리엄 3세의 부인 메리 2세가 사망한 후 영국 식민지 인구가 251,000명이었던 영국 정착촌**이 빨간색으로 표시되어 있었습니다.
* 🏛 1701년 코네티컷에 예일대가 설립되어 **하버드, 윌리엄 앤 메리와 함께 미래 미국의 3대 대학**이 되었고, 프랑스 탐험가 캐딜락은 프랑스와 원주민 국가와의 무역을 강화하기 위해 **디트로이트 요새를 설립**했습니다.
* 📰 1704년, 프랑스와 아베나키가 매사추세츠주 디어필드를 공격해 영국과 프랑스 간 앤 여왕의 전쟁이 발발한 가운데 **뉴잉글랜드의 문해 문화를 반영한 미국 최초의 정기 신문**으로 **보스턴 뉴스레터**가 발행되기 시작했습니다.
* 📜 1707년 영국과 스코틀랜드가 연합법으로 통합되면서 **영국 식민지에서 영국 식민지로 용어가 바뀌었고**, 1710년 영국군이 포트 로열을 점령하여 **아나폴리스 로열로 이름을 바꾸**면서 영토 지배를 위한 분쟁이 계속되는 가운데 **아나폴리스 로열이 탄생**했습니다.
* 👥 1720년 영국 식민지 인구는 1700년의 거의 두 배에 달하는 **466,000명으로 급증**했고, 보스턴에서 천연두가 유행하면서 코튼 매더가 혁신적인 접종 방법을 개발하여 초기 의학 발전을 보여주었습니다.
* 🌾 **1741년 사우스 캐롤라이나에서 인디고가 현금 작물로 도입**되면서 농업이 크게 발전했고, 조나단 에드워즈와 조지 화이트필드 같은 인물이 주도한 **대각성 운동은 식민지의 종교적 지형을 변화**시키기 시작했습니다.
* ⚔ 1740년 젠킨스 이어 전쟁과 1744년 킹 조지 전쟁은 영국과 프랑스의 지속적인 긴장을 부각시켰고, **1748년 루이부르크 요새가 점령되고 이후 프랑스에 반환**되면서 식민지 경쟁이 더욱 격화되었습니다.
* 🌍 1750년까지 영국 식민지들은 **목재, 어업, 농업을 기반**으로 탄탄한 경제를 발전시켰고, 프랑스는 인구는 적지만 **아메리카 원주민과 전략적으로 동맹 관계**를 유지하면서 북미를 둘러싼 분쟁이 임박할 수 있는 발판을 마련했습니다.

18세기 북미 식민지의 성숙은 향후 영국, 프랑스, 스페인 간의 분쟁의 발판이 되었습니다.

foreign. The following presentation outlines the maturation of the colonies in North America during the first half of the 18th century. This map shows North America in the year 1700. English settlements, which we will define as British after 1707, are in red. French settlements are in blue. Spanish settlements are in yellow. The English monarch and the date are shown in the bottom right corner. In the year 1700, King William III is on the throne. His wife, Mary II, with whom he had jointly reigned, had passed in 1694. The husband and wife joint monarchy is the namesake of William and Mary University in Williamsburg, Virginia, which was founded in 1693. In the year 1700, England and France have been active in North America for about 100 years, and Spain has been active in North America for two centuries. At the dawn of the 18th century, there are some 251,000 people living in the English colonies. Let's shift the map westward. In the year 1700, the Spanish Jesuit Father Eusebio.

Kino establishes a mission at San Javier Del Bach in modern Tucson, Arizona. The Tohono O'odham nation is in this area. We will slide the map back to the east. 1701, Yale is founded in Connecticut. There are now three colleges in the future United States at the dawn of the 18th century: Harvard in Massachusetts, William and Mary in Virginia, and Yale in Connecticut. Also in 1701, the French explorer Cadillac establishes Fort Detroit. This post provides further French access into the Huron lands of Canada, as well as the Ottawa of Michigan and the Miami and Northern Ohio. These French forts serve as trading posts with the local native nations. These fur trading posts receive beaver pelts from the natives, and in return, the French give metal pots, tools, and muskets to the natives. The French will successfully integrate with Native communities. The Jesuits become skilled in Algonquin and Iroquois languages. 1702, the Protestant majority in Maryland establishes the Church of England as the official Church in the colony, which essentially overturns the colony's

original intent as a Haven for Catholics. Nevertheless, Maryland will remain religiously diverse. In 1704, the Boston newsletter begins publication, the first continuous regular newspaper in the future United States. New England's tradition of literacy, derived from its Puritan past, has produced a culture of writing, recording, and, as we will see, scientific ingenuity. Also in 1704, the French and Abenaki, in response to attacks on the natives in the Northeast, strike Deerfield, Massachusetts. Dozens are killed. Massachusetts retaliates unsuccessfully against the French at Port Royal in Acadia, Canada. This series of battles is called Queen Anne's War, one of multiple struggles between England and France for North America in the 18th century. An interesting difference between France and England at this time is that the French have adopted the Gregorian or new style calendar, while England was still on the Julian or old style calendar. The two nations thus used calendars that were 11 days different from each other, and you may see dates that specify old style or new style for this period.

referring to the calendar system that is being utilized. Let's zoom out 1707 across the Atlantic Ocean. The Act of Union united England and Scotland into Great Britain. Thus, from this point forward, we will refer to the English-speaking colonies as the British colonies, as opposed to the English colonies, as the term British includes both England and Scotland. 1708. Due to Charleston, South Carolina's heavy importation of slave labor, South Carolina has a majority African population. Within slave quarters, African architecture, cooking, and even fishing techniques will be present in South Carolina. Let's zoom back into the colonies. In 1710, French Port Royal falls to the British during clashes in Queen Anne's War. The British renamed Port Royal Annapolis Royal. The 18th century will see ever-increasing clashes between France and Britain for possession of the continent. Both Annapolis Royal and Nova Scotia, Canada, and Annapolis, Maryland, which had received a charter in 1708, were both named for Queen Anne. In 1711, expanding British encroachment into native lands in North Carolina.

leads to the Tuscarora War. Also, in 1711, the French established a new fort at Mobile, Alabama, just west of Spanish Florida. The Choctaw, Appalachia, and Creek nations are in this region. In 1713, Queen Anne's War comes to an end at the Treaty of Utrecht. The French are required to cede the region of Acadia, with captured Port Royal, which is now British Annapolis Royal, to Britain. French Acadia becomes British Nova Scotia. However, Cape Breton Island remains in French possession, which will play a critical role later in the century. Zooming out, we can see that Hudson Bay and Newfoundland are also given over from France to Britain in 1713 as a consequence of the Treaty of Utrecht, which closed this round of British and French conflict over North America. Also in 1713, but across the Atlantic, the play Cato, a tragedy by English writer Joseph Addison, is performed at Theater Royal Drury Lane in London. This very popular play was based on the ancient Roman Senator Cato, a defender of the

Roman Republic against Julius Caesar. The play contains important discussions of liberty and freedom, including a line that invokes Liberty or death. Across the Atlantic, a great admirer of Joseph Addison's writings is a youth in Boston named Benjamin Franklin. We will zoom back into North America. Meanwhile, the French expansion continues down the Mississippi River in the region known as Louisiana, named after King Louis of France. French Louisiana in the 18th century spreads up the Mississippi River and into her tributaries, not to be confused with the borders of the modern state of Louisiana. In 1715, the French built Fort Michilimackinac, or Mackinac for short, situated at the junction of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, a strategic position within the Great Lakes region. Michilimackinac might also be shortened to Mackinac, the latter spelling used as a city's name today. The Ottawa and Ojibwa are native to this area. In 1716, the French built Fort Rosalie in modern Natchez, Mississippi, here in the Lower Mississippi River.

territory. The French are interacting with Natchez and Choctaw Nations, among others. Also, in 1716, the first theater in America is established at Williamsburg, Virginia, by Charles and Mary Stagg. In 1717, the French established Fort Toulouse near present-day Montgomery, Alabama. Fort Toulouse serves multiple functions, providing an outpost in East Louisiana, keeping British expansion in check, and developing alliances with the regional native nations. The Creek Confederacy is local to this area. One of the Creek Nations is the Alabama People, the namesake of the state of Alabama. In 1718, the French found New Orleans. The French presence in the Lower Mississippi region adopts a tobacco plantation economy with slave labor, very different than the French presence in the fur trading North. With New Orleans established near the mouth of the Mississippi River, the French have an Intercontinental water Empire that extends from Canada through the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River to the Caribbean. While this area is incredibly huge, the number of Frenchmen in North America can be measured in the tens of thousands.

very light population density that likely represented a limited threat to the natives and helped aid in promoting friendly relations between the French and many of the native nations. In comparison, there are hundreds of thousands of British colonists on the Atlantic coast at this time, which was likely perceived as more threatening to the native nations. Also, in 1718, the Spanish found the Mission San Antonio in modern Texas, and the mission will later take on the name Alamo, meaning Cottonwood in Spanish. In 1720, there are some 466,000 people in the British colonies, almost double the number from a generation before in the year 1700. 1721 smallpox erupts in Boston. However, the Puritan Minister Cotton Mather encourages doctors Abdiel Boylston to inoculate the population using a method developed in Turkey. Mather himself had heard of this technique from his West African slave Onisimus. Boylston, against the advice of other doctors, successfully inoculates hundreds from smallpox in Boston. Also in Boston in 1721, James Franklin.

founds a Weekly News newspaper. The New England current ly's younger brother Benjamin serves as his teenage Apprentice. 1722. The French improved their reach into the Algonquian Midwest, building Fort Miami at modern Fort Wayne, Indiana. As the name implies, the Miami nation is local to this area. Also in 1722, the Tuscarora in North Carolina, following years of struggle against British colonists, migrate northward to join their brothers and sisters in the Iroquois Confederacy in modern New York State, becoming the sixth nation of the Iroquois Confederacy. 1723. The French expand their fur trading empire beyond the Mississippi River, building Fort Orleans on the Missouri River, located in modern DeWitt, Missouri. The Missouri nation is in this area. Although Fort Orleans will be abandoned in a few years, it is claimed that this is the first European bastion on the Missouri River. 1725. The New York Gazette begins publication. In 1726, the French build Fort Niagara, securing the river as it flows into Lake Ontario. Fort Niagara is actually on the eastern

side of the Niagara River in modern Youngstown, New York. 1727. The British also expand their holdings on Lake Ontario. Fort Oswego forms a trade route that chains from Lake Ontario across the Mohawk Valley and to the Hudson River, allowing goods to flow from New York City to Lake Ontario and back again. The Iroquois Confederacy in the Mohawk Valley is caught between the British and New York and the French and Canada. 1729. Baltimore is chartered in Maryland. Also in 1729, Jonathan Edwards begins preaching at a church in Northampton, Massachusetts. His enthusiastic sermons are unique and become popular in the secularizing New England that has lost much of its Puritan zeal. The Great Awakening is underway. In 1731, Benjamin Franklin, once a Bostonian but now in Philadelphia, helps to found the first subscription library in the colonies. Members pay a subscription fee to borrow books. The next year, 1732, Benjamin Franklin publishes Poor Richard's Almanac. Also in 1732, Fort Vincennes on the

Wabash River in modern Indiana provides the French with trade and outreach to the Illinois nation and other Algonquins in the western woodlands. French settlements in modern Indiana and Illinois will provide the French with the fertile lands to produce grain for their North American holdings, just as this region provides agriculture today for the United States. Georgia is chartered in 1732 by James Oglethorpe. There are now 13 British colonies in North America. Oglethorpe is a philanthropist who envisions a haven for the poor and a second chance for reformed prisoners. Although Thorpe also forbids slavery in this colony, so the British colony that was the furthest south in North America was also founded without slavery. This, of course, will change after Oglethorpe's influence fades, but for a time, Georgia has no slaves. Georgia also functions as a buffer between South Carolina and Spanish Florida. In 1733, Oglethorpe founds Savannah, Georgia, and in 1735, Oglethorpe invites John

Wesley, the founder of Methodism, to Georgia 1736. Students from William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, performed the first stone College play at a theater in Williamsburg. The play is Joseph Addison's Cato, and the phrase Liberty or death is spoken on stage in Williamsburg. Let's zoom out for a wider view. 1738. Fort Rouge is built in future Winnipeg, Canada. This post is but one of multiple French forts that extend the French fur trade Northwest Beyond Lake Superior into the Lake Winnipeg and Lake Manitoba region. The Assiniboine, Cree, and Sioux are some of the nation's local to this region. We will zoom back in. Also in 1738, the Reverend George Whitefield arrives in Savannah, and during the year, he travels all the way north to Philadelphia. Whitefield would often speak in fields because his crowds were too large for church buildings. As we approached the mid-18th century, it is important to see how the diversity of American religion grew. In 1700, the landscape was dominated in the South by

the Anglicans and in New England by the Puritans, who themselves are actually technically Anglicans but in a low Church setting. William Penn's tolerance in Pennsylvania brought Quakers, German Mennonites, and German Lutherans into the middle colonies, and Maryland's tradition as a Catholic Haven resulted in a Catholic population there. Dutch Reformed communities remained in New York from that State's Dutch heritage. However, the Great Awakening in the first half of the 1700s brings new diversity, adding the new Presbyterian and Methodist communities to the Spectrum shown here in Orange, with the Presbyterians and Methodists at this time sharing the kind of Evangelical fervor that was exhibited in previous generations among New England's Puritans. So, there's actually a large spectrum of church experience in 18th century America, ranging from the high liturgical Traditions, which emphasized tradition and sacraments such as the Catholics, Lutherans, and high church Anglicans, across the Spectrum to the Evangelical

new light. Great Awakening communities that emphasized direct communion with the Divine, such as those among the Methodists, Presbyterians, Reformed, and low Church Anglicans. Outside the British colonies, the French and the Spanish are Roman Catholic. 1739, a major slave uprising occurs at Stono near Charleston. The Spanish in Florida were offering emancipation to fugitive slaves from the British colonies, but the uprising is nevertheless brutally stamped out. 1740, Savannah is caught in the middle of a back-and-forth border conflict between Spanish Florida and British South Carolina. This conflict is the uniquely named War of Jenkins' Ear, named after a sailor who lost his ear during a raid. Oglethorpe responds from Georgia, besieging Saint Augustine, but the Spanish hold off the attackers. Also in 1740, George Whitefield has an orphanage built in Savannah. That year, Whitefield preached in New England, went all the way from the south to the north. A very large percentage of the British colonists in all 13 colonies are going to hear Reverend Whitefield preach.

In 1740, there are some 906,000 people living in British North America, approaching 1 million people in those British colonies, almost double the figure from a generation before in 1720, and almost four times as many as there were living in the British colonies in 1700. In 1741, indigo is introduced to South Carolina, adding another cash crop to the southern plantation system. Rice and indigo are grown in South Carolina, while tobacco is grown in Virginia and in Maryland. At this early stage, North Carolina has many fewer slaves than South Carolina and Virginia. All three of these cash crops are grown through slave labor. It's important to note that cotton is not yet one of these cash crops. Cotton as a cash crop in the South will come generations later. Also in 1741, Jonathan Edwards in Enfield, Massachusetts, delivers his famous Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God sermon. The high emotional tone induced by these sermons is a good example of the preaching style of New Light ministers.

In 1742, the Spanish in Florida counter-attacked Georgia, striking near Fort Frederica south of Savannah. However, the British repulsed the Spanish at the Battle of Bloody Marsh. While the war for Jenkins' ear is occurring in the South, another conflict begins in the North. In 1744, King George's War, a spillover from Europe's War of Austrian Succession, is yet another conflict between Britain and France, with ramifications between the British colonies and French Canada in North America. The Nova Scotia and Cape Breton islands are at the center of King George's War. On Cape Breton Island, the French Fortress of Louisburg falls in 1745. New Englanders take Fortress Louisburg on Cape Breton Island, which severely cripples France's control of the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River, the northern inlet into their lake and river empire. But the British colonies suffer a setback that same year in the conflict. The French and their native allies attacked Saratoga in New York, south of Lake Champlain. Dozens are killed.

also in 1745, a widow with the last name of Roberts opens a coffee house in Philadelphia, an example of the widening business opportunities for women in colonial America. 1746 Princeton, originally called the College of New Jersey, is founded, the fourth institution of Higher Learning in the future United States. Princeton was a new light School founded in the fervor of the Great Awakening. In 1748, the peace terms between France and Britain following the war of Austrian succession, also known as King George's War, are made. Britain yields Fortress Louisburg on Cape Breton Island back to France. Francis hold on Lower Canada is largely restored. New Englanders are angered that their capture of Louisburg has been forfeited. 1749, the British established Halifax on Nova Scotia to counter the French Fortress Louisburg on Cape Breton Island. We can see The Tinderbox that is festering between Britain and France and Canada as we approach mid-century. The extent of the settlements in the 13 British colonies are shown in red here, and by 1750, these colonies are nearly

150 years old, going back to Jamestown with the population extending to the Appalachian Mountains, and their economies have matured from the early settlements in the 17th century. In the north, timber is harvested from the great forests there. North Carolina is another source of timber. The colonial period is often called the age of wood because in Europe, wood was scarce for centuries due to deforestation. So, a major raw material from America that goes back to Europe is wood. Off the coast of New England, a substantial fishing and shipping industry thrives. The middle colonies produce timber, iron, and ships. Wheat is cultivated from New England through New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and into North Carolina. Tobacco plantations exist from Maryland through Virginia and into Northern North Carolina. Indigo is cultivated in the Carolinas, while rice is produced in the Carolinas and in Georgia. In the backcountry, up and down the Appalachian Mountains, British colonists on the edge of the Empire are engaged with the fur trade with Native Americans. These goods and wares are traded between

the colonies themselves, as well as with some other country. North America produces the raw goods like timber and furs, while mother Britain produces finished products like textiles. Now remember, in the mercantilist system which was being enforced by the British government, you were not to be trading. If you were a British colonist, you were not to be trading with the French or with the Spanish. You had to be trading with the British. Most trade is bartering one set of goods for another. At 1750, we see a robust populous and economically powerful British colonial system, while France has secured the trust of Native American nations in a wide but lightly populated colonial system. Spain has been settled in Florida for almost two centuries, and their Western missions have expanded in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The next decade, the 1750s, will see a collision course between these civilizations, and the fate of the North American continent will be determined. [Music]

Thirteen Colonies, 1700-1750 | Britain, France & Spain | North American colonies | US history

Jeffrey the Librarian

1700년, 윌리엄 3세가 왕위에 오르면서 북미에 영국, 프랑스, 스페인의 정착촌이 세워집니다.

18세기 전반에는 예일대학교가 설립되고 미국 최초의 정기 신문이 발행되며, 영국과 프랑스 간의 갈등, 메릴랜드에 영국 국교회가 설립되고 노예 노동으로 인해 사우스캐롤라이나에 아프리카계 인구가 확대되는 시기를 맞이합니다.

프랑스의 북미 지역 확장과 주요 사건(1711-1718)

프랑스는 1711년 앨라배마주 모빌에 요새를 건설하고 미시시피 강을 따라 확장하여 이 지역을 루이지애나로 명명했습니다.

1713년 위트레흐트 조약으로 프랑스는 아카디아, 허드슨만, 뉴펀들랜드를 영국에 양도하게 됩니다.

프랑스는 오대호와 미시시피강 하류 지역에 미실리마키낙 요새와 로잘리 요새를 비롯한 여러 요새를 건설했으며, 1718년 뉴올리언스를 설립하고 노예 노동을 통한 담배 농장 경제를 채택했습니다.

인구 역학 및 식민지 확장(1718-1732)

프랑스는 인구 밀도가 낮아 원주민과 우호적인 관계를 유지한 반면, 영국 식민지의 빠른 성장은 더 위협적인 존재로 인식되었습니다.

스페인은 1718년 미션 샌안토니오를 설립했고, 1720년까지 영국 식민지의 인구는 46만 6천 명으로 두 배로 증가했습니다.

이 시기에는 보스턴에서 천연두가 발생하고 프랑스가 모피 무역 제국을 확장하고 이로쿼이 부족이 이주하는 등 주요 사건이 발생하여 식민지 지형에 역동적인 변화가 일어났습니다.

18세기 미국의 프랑스 영향과 종교적 다양성

현대 인디애나의 와바시 강은 곡물 생산을 위한 비옥한 땅을 제공하면서 프랑스 무역과 정착에 중요한 역할을 했습니다.

1732년 제임스 오글소프가 세운 조지아는 노예제도를 일시적으로 금지한 독특한 주였으며, 사우스캐롤라이나와 스페인령 플로리다 사이의 완충 역할을 했습니다.

18세기 중반에는 대각성 운동으로 인해 새로운 장로교와 감리교 공동체가 기존 교회 경험의 스펙트럼에 들어오면서 미국 종교의 다양성이 커졌습니다.

영국 북아메리카 식민지의 주요 사건(1739-1745)

1739년 사우스캐롤라이나 스토노에서 스페인의 노예 해방 제안에 대한 대규모 노예 봉기가 일어났어요.

젠킨스 귀 전쟁(1739-1744)은 영국 사우스캐롤라이나와 스페인 플로리다 간의 국경 분쟁을 촉발시켰고, 1740년 조지 화이트필드의 설교 투어는 영국 식민지 주민들에게 큰 영향을 미쳤습니다.

1741년 사우스캐롤라이나에 인디고가 도입되면서 농장 시스템이 더욱 강화되었고, 1745년 뉴잉글랜드인들이 루이버그 요새를 점령하면서 영국과 프랑스 간의 갈등이 더욱 격화되었던 킹 조지 전쟁(1744-1748년)이 발발했습니다.

여성의 비즈니스 기회와 식민지 확장(1745-1750)

1745년 로버츠라는 미망인이 필라델피아에 커피 하우스를 열면서 식민지 미국에서 여성의 사업 기회가 커지고 있음을 알립니다.

1746년에 설립된 프린스턴 대학교는 대각성 운동에 힘입어 미래 미국에서 네 번째로 설립된 고등 교육 기관이 됩니다.

1750년까지 영국의 13개 식민지는 다양한 산업과 탄탄한 인구로 경제적으로 성숙해져 향후 10년 동안 프랑스 및 스페인과 충돌할 수 있는 발판을 마련하게 됩니다.