대만의 반도체 산업: 글로벌 AI의 중추

### 대만 글로벌 AI 및 반도체 제조의 중요한 허브: 대만
* 🇹🇼 "전 세계 최첨단 반도체나 칩의 **90%가 바로 이곳 대만에서 만들어진다**"는 말이 있을 정도로 대만은 인공지능 기술의 진원지입니다.
* 💻 대만 기업은 **AI 서버의 90%를 제조**하고 있으며, AI 생태계에서 대만 기업의 지배력이 두드러지고 있습니다.
* ⚠ 그러나 AI의 미래는 대만의 안보와 밀접한 관련이 있기 때문에 **중국의 공세 강화**로 인해 이러한 리더십이 위협받고 있습니다.
* 🏭 1980년대에 대만은 칩 제조 기술에 막대한 투자를 단행하여 **값싼 장난감을 생산하던 나라에서 명망 높은 STEM 인재를 보유한 첨단 기술 강국**으로 이미지를 탈바꿈했습니다.
* 🔗 대만 반도체 제조 회사(TSMC)와 엔비디아의 파트너십은 매우 중요한 역할을 해왔으며, **TSMC는 초기부터 엔비디아의 칩을 제조**하여 두 회사의 성장을 촉진했습니다.
* 💧 AI 서버가 발전함에 따라 아시아 바이탈 컴포넌트(ABC)와 같은 기업들은 기존 냉각 방식에서 액체 냉각 솔루션으로 전환하고 있으며, **2028년까지 열 지출의 30%까지 증가**할 것으로 예상됩니다.
* 🌍 **2023년부터 대만의 AI 관련 수출이 중국을 추월**하면서 미중 기술 전쟁과 해외 제조업 다각화의 필요성 속에서 그 중요성이 더욱 커지고 있습니다.
* 📉 잠재적인 분쟁은 반도체 공급망에 심각한 혼란을 야기할 수 있으며, **전 세계 GDP에 10조 달러의 영향을 미칠 것**으로 추정되어 글로벌 기술 안정성을 유지하는 데 있어 대만의 중요성을 강조하고 있습니다.

대만은 글로벌 AI 혁신을 주도하며 기술의 미래를 위해 필수적인 역할을 하고 있습니다.

90% of all the world's most advanced semiconductors or chips are made right here in Taiwan. Taiwan is the most important spot in the world for artificial intelligence. All of Nvidia's AI chips, they're made right here on the island. So, no Taiwan, no AI. Taiwan is more than just a microchip factory; it's the beating heart of the wider AI ecosystem. Taiwanese companies are estimated to manufacture 90% of those AI servers today. But that dominance faces a looming threat. China sees Taiwan as part of its territory and has become increasingly assertive. And so, the future of AI has become intertwined with the security of Taiwan. Taiwan is really an engine that's driving AI, so it's important that Taiwan stay safe and stay what it is today if we want to keep AI moving forward. So, how can Taiwan's tech industry adapt to this precarious landscape, and what does it mean for AI? Back in the 70s, made-in Taiwan had this image of cheap toys or things that

break, but the government really wanted to push the island forward in a more high-tech way. It saw potential in chip manufacturing technology, investing heavily in the 1980s and building a top-tier talent pool. The STEM-related degrees are considered relatively prestigious in Taiwan, as opposed to other degrees. Then, with this big pool of engineers, there's also a lot of entrepreneurship. Taiwan became a global leader in efficient mass manufacturing, with factories both at home and in China, and out of that, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, or TSMC, was born. Today, its scale and cutting-edge technology are unrivaled, and its partner right from the beginning, Nvidia, whose specialized chips are at the forefront of artificial intelligence. Please welcome to the stage Nvidia founder and CEO Jensen W. TSMC manufactured Nvidia's chips from the start. That helped Nvidia grow, and obviously, that's helped TSMC grow. Taiwan is the home of our treasured partners, and our partnership has created the world's AI infrastructure, just as TSMC has been

there since the start. So too have the Taiwanese companies supplying vital hardware components. Once used to power PC servers, they've evolved to meet the demands of AI. So what goes into an AI server? Of course, you have to start with the chip. Then the chip goes onto a motherboard. There's a lot of power modules that are in there. You'll have what we now call liquid cooling systems. And then that goes into a server and a server rack. And tons of these rows and rows and rows of these will create our ChatGPTs of the future. Oh, I forgot to say, and Taiwan makes all of this. You want to do the shopping in Taiwan? You can shop pretty much every product, every component. For that reason, there's always some supplier can fulfill your demand. Asia Vital Components, or ABC, is one such company in the AI supply chain. It's worked with Nvidia for more than two decades, specializing in heat dissipation. It pivoted its R&D from traditional cooling solutions like fans to liquid cooling, which better suits the power-hungry and heat-generating AI.

servers. They're basically using water or coolants to use the pipe attached to a certain area like a component so they can conduct heat very efficiently out of that chip. Right now, 90% of thermal-related spending for data centers is on air cooling, with liquid cooling at just 10%. But as AI servers grow, liquid cooling could soar to 30% by 2028. An Nvidia NVL 72 server, which is the highest tech today, is about $3 to $4 million. A small component can hold back that AI server from getting shipped if you don't have it because you have to cool it, otherwise, it'll melt down. And so, a lot of these, as Jensen calls them, unsung hero companies that most of us have never heard of, these are the key companies in the AI revolution driven by an innovative spirit. ABC pursued Amazon as a customer and set up shop right in front of their office in Seattle. Their persistence paid off, and shortly after landing Amazon as a customer, Microsoft followed suit with its small size and efficient

high-speed rail network. Taiwan continues to the big tech companies. Most of the major tech companies doing AI Computing today: Google, Amazon, Microsoft. They all come to Taiwan because they can meet all of the partners really quickly and easily. Since 2023, Taiwan's AI-related exports have overtaken China's, a reflection not just of its growing importance in the world of artificial intelligence, but also the frosty relationship between Washington and Beijing. The US and China are engaged in almost a tech war, and so the US has banned from 2022 a lot of AI chips from getting shipped to China. That means a lot of these AI servers that would have been built in factories in China are being built either in Taiwan or in other manufacturing facilities that Taiwanese companies own. But with the majority of AI technology concentrated on this island, the ever-present risk from neighboring China concerns all those who depend on it for their Computing needs. China has carried out what it says is a mock air blockade of Taiwan, using Jets carrying live ammunition. They are determined, whichever

way possible. However, the long they have to wait to bring time Taiwan into the fold and be part of the People's Republic of China with so much at stake. TSMC and Dutch company ASML can now render their manufacturing plants inoperable should an attack occur. So, essentially, this is a kill switch. It underscores just how concerned they are about China getting hold of these most sophisticated machines. Although an invasion remains unlikely, a war could severely damage the global economy. Bloomberg Economics estimates it would knock out the semiconductor supply chain, delaying any advancements in AI, and have a $10 trillion impact on global GDP. That would dwarf what the war in Ukraine, COVID pandemic, and global financial crisis have each cost. To further mitigate this risk, Taiwanese companies have begun diversifying their manufacturing operations abroad to places like Mexico and Southeast Asia. TSMC has broken ground on new facilities in Arizona, Japan, and Germany. They realize that they can't only stay in Taiwan. Although Taiwan is still the lion's share of production, the US has also passed the

chips act offering incentives to bring semiconductor manufacturing back home. From a risk management perspective, pretty much all the clients would like to think about how to reduce the reliance, but the reality is that it takes time. And so, as we set sail into an AI-powered future, the technology and global stability remains anchored to Taiwan. Years later, maybe manufacturing can build up in other regions of the world, but that's going to take a long time. Replicating Taiwan in the short term is impossible. [Music]

Why Taiwan’s Security Matters for the Future of AI

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AI 및 반도체 제조 분야에서 대만의 중요한 역할

대만은 전 세계 첨단 반도체와 AI 칩의 90%를 생산하며 글로벌 AI 생태계의 진원지입니다.

대만의 기술 산업은 값싼 제조업의 명성에서 첨단 칩 생산의 선두주자로 발전해 왔으며, TSMC가 중추적인 역할을 담당하고 있습니다.

하지만 대만의 AI 및 반도체 제조 분야에서의 우위는 중국의 공세로 인해 위협을 받고 있으며, 대만의 보안은 AI의 미래를 위해 매우 중요한 요소입니다.

AI 서버 하드웨어에서 대만 기업의 역할

대만 기업들은 전통적인 PC 파워에서 AI 수요를 충족하기 위해 진화하면서 AI 서버용 하드웨어 부품을 공급하는 데 중요한 역할을 해왔습니다.

AI 서버 구성에는 칩, 마더보드, 전원 모듈, 액체 냉각 시스템, 서버 랙이 포함되며, 대만은 이러한 부품의 주요 공급처입니다.

아시아 바이탈 컴포넌트(ABC)는 AI 공급망에서 방열을 전문으로 하며 AI 서버가 성장함에 따라 수요가 증가할 것으로 예상되는 액체 냉각 솔루션으로 전환하는 등 중요한 역할을 담당해 왔습니다.

대만의 AI 및 기술 제조 분야 우위

대만은 구글, 아마존, 마이크로소프트와 같은 주요 기술 기업을 유치하며 AI 컴퓨팅의 핵심 플레이어가 되었습니다.

미중 기술 전쟁과 칩 수출 금지 조치로 인해 2023년 이후 대만의 AI 관련 수출액은 중국을 넘어섰습니다.

중국의 공격적인 행보로 인해 대만의 AI 기술 집중에 대한 우려가 커지면서 대만 기업들은 해외로 생산 거점을 다변화하고 있습니다.

칩스 법이 반도체 제조에 미치는 영향

CHIPS 법은 반도체 제조를 미국으로 되돌리기 위한 인센티브를 제공하고 있습니다.

고객은 단일 지역에 대한 의존도를 줄이고 싶어 하지만 다른 지역에서 제조업을 구축하는 데는 시간이 걸립니다.

단기적으로 대만의 반도체 지배력을 복제하는 것은 불가능하며, 글로벌 안정성이 대만에 고정되어 있습니다.