Hello, everyone. I am a pressure vessel design engineer with 13 years of experience. I am very honored to have the opportunity to explain API 650 storage tank design to you. I hope that the information I provide today will be helpful in your field. Thank you in advance. The lecture will proceed in a total of 5 steps. In this session, I will explain the basic knowledge of storage tank design. The tanks shown in the pictures are storage tanks designed according to API 650. The wall is called a sidewall, and usually referred to as a shell plate during design. This part here is the roof. In the case of the tank in the picture, it is called a dome roof. Therefore, it is simply called a dome roof. The stairs that can go up on the side are called a stairway, and workers climb these stairs to work around this roof.

On this side, there is a space to work on the platform's main handrail, and on the large storage tanks, there are stairways installed on the platform. In the case of small tanks, there may be cases where ladders are used to climb up to the platform. Therefore, now people are walking around here. When comparing the size with a person, you can confirm that these storage tanks are very large. These large storage tanks are usually oil storage tanks, and in the case of our country, they are often installed near the coast to facilitate access for oil tankers. The storage tanks you see now are almost the same size as buildings. So, there are tanks that are produced on a large scale like this, or small tanks can also be produced, for example, small tanks that are only 1m in size. In our industry, we usually see small storage tanks similar to the buildings we see in front of us.

Tanks are called field fabric-coated tanks. Generally, small tanks are manufactured at the shop and then transported by land or sea, so they have a size suitable for carrying equipment. They are manufactured at the shop factory and delivered, so they are called that way. Large storage tanks are almost impossible to transport, so it's not possible to build a building and transport them. Therefore, large storage tanks are called field fabric-coated tanks. If you look at the specifications, they are divided into two categories with many specifications. Therefore, when giving instructions for tanks manufactured at small shops, they are called shop fabric-coated tanks. When you directly build and use tanks on the site, you should design them according to the production regulations based on the specifications of field fabric-coated tanks.

In API 650, API stands for the American Petroleum Institute, which was established in 1919, so it has a history of over 100 years and holds 800 standards. Therefore, API 650 is one of these 800 standards. It is said to have 600 partnerships, but these 600 are not talking about small businesses, but essentially partnering with large companies. It can be considered the world's largest petroleum trade association. So, as you design mechanical equipment, I listed some codes that you may come across at some point. There may be more, but in any case, I have dealt with about 5 codes. This time, I will explain API 650, API 620, and API 520. API 520 is a standard I remember from a previous video about safety valve sizing and installation sizing lectures I watched. The standards used at that time were.

It is designed according to API 520 standards. Next, there is a shell and tube wheel exchanger, a pressure vessel that exchanges various fluids such as oil, gas, and water. There are standards related to pressure vessel shell and tube wheel exchangers. Then, there is an air-cooled wheel exchanger. Domestic air-cooled wheel exchangers are air-cooled heat exchangers, which can be applied in areas with limited water. In fact, there are many orders coming from those areas. It is a standard that contains technical criteria for air-cooled heat exchangers, which are widely used in those regions. Therefore, just by knowing these five things, you can practically handle most designs. Even though it's not a small amount, there are actually not many people who know how to handle all of this, so even knowing a little bit will be very helpful. But first, Welded Tank for Oil Storage Tank API.

This is about API 650. Basically, it was established by the American Petroleum Institute, so it contains standards for storage tank technology for petroleum products. Since oil is the top priority, it is a standard that assesses safety in case of any fire or explosion. Essentially, it is for storing products of large companies, large company storage tanks. As you learned earlier, Division 1 of ASME Section is for pressure vessels. The API 650 you are currently studying is for atmospheric storage tanks, specifically for large company storage tanks. Therefore, when classifying vertical cylindrical aboveground tanks with rounded tops, you can consider them as cylindrical aboveground storage tanks. Also, as mentioned earlier, API 620 is also a technical standard for liquid storage tanks. The biggest difference is that it is for low-pressure storage tanks. So, API 620 is designed for sizes from 2.5 feet up to 15% with API 650, and when it exceeds 15% in size, that's when.

I will design a pressure vessel with the ASME code mentioned earlier, so this is also a vertical cylindrical aboveground storage tank. It is designed up to about 15%. So, if you ask how much pressure this is, generally, it is around 1 atmosphere when it reaches 15%. 1 atmosphere, and it's gauge pressure, so it is considered as the atmospheric pressure plus the pressure added by the gauge. Water coming out of a faucet is usually between 2 atmospheres and 4 atmospheres, and the tire pressure is around 35 to 40 psi. If you think about it in those terms, you can consider handling pressure up to about half of that. Therefore, API 650 covers all aspects related to materials, design, fabrication, installation, and inspection. So, what we mentioned earlier is a vertical cylindrical aboveground storage tank, and a closed open-top upper part, which is now an open-type tank.

It's an open-top tank, so it deals with atmospheric pressure, mainly handling large-scale storage tanks for major companies. If you visit the Korea National Oil Corporation website, you can see the actual usage status of domestic glass storage tanks on the map. As of the end of June 2022, there are 9 storage bases in operation. While preparing this data, I found that surface storage tanks are designed according to API 650 without any special features. However, since around 2010, a method of drilling through the bedrock to store in the bedrock has been used for underground storage tanks. This method is very environmentally friendly, corrosion-resistant, and cost-effective. Underground tanks take a long time to construct, especially in urban areas where small-scale construction is required. Therefore, if the capacity is less than 2.5 million barrels, actual storage tanks are more cost-effective. There are advantages to using both underground and above-ground tanks simultaneously.

What we are designing is about ground storage tanks, so if you understand that, usually, engineers will do the process design. So here, things like PFD or P&ID will come out, based on that data, anyway, the capacity will be expanded, right? Based on the capacity of the storage tank, the device design engineer will size it. In sizing, there will be other considerations, and based on those standards, data sheets, basic drawings, engineering drawings need to come out, including related codes or project specifications containing requirements. For large overseas projects, you can just give the specifications to the manufacturer when placing an order. However, for small domestic projects, there are often cases where project specifications are not well defined, so in domestic projects, they often refer to the standards used in overseas projects when writing.

Once the project specifications are written, the manufacturer needs to finalize details such as strength calculations or thickness. Approval for detailed drawings and assembly drawings must be obtained first. Questions like where to attach the nozzle, the device's height, and other details need to be confirmed. With these details in place, detailed drawings that can actually be produced in the factory should be provided. If necessary, structural design or finite element analysis, such as ANSYS, needs to be conducted. Have you heard of these programs before? By analyzing these valuable elements, documents are then approved by EPC in reverse, and BC obtains approval from end users. Once final approval is obtained, data sheets can be obtained from EPC. Here, relevant codes or domestic regulations, such as fire laws for storage tanks, are essential due to the high risk of fire incidents.

So, when storing hazardous materials such as fire laws or sulfuric acid, the Hazardous Materials Control Act and the Hazardous Materials Safety Management Act can be applied. There are various types of loops like the loop I showed in the picture earlier, which is not a toxic loop dome shape, but now there are knot loop types of loops, with pressure, temperature, non-destructive inspection grades, spot grades, etc., briefly mentioned. Also, the material, stored fluid, density, viscosity, and so on can be listed. And now, the nozzles that we are going to service will be installed. In the process design stage, we list the nozzles required and adjust the pounds according to the pressure, and then the mechanical engineer and other requirements are noted like this in the notebook.

There are contents that are written down, and now, usually, there are many standardized projects. Basic engineering drawings are often not provided as they have been widely used in the plant industry for decades. We usually proceed with detailed design based on the outline drawings in the datasheet. Many times, basic engineering drawings are not provided by the manufacturer, and additional information such as sizing, fluid level, max level, bottom angle, loop angle, and so on, needs to be added. I will explain more about these later on. Anyway, such information needs to be provided, all the outlines need to be provided, and based on this, the actual manufacturer will design the storage tank. With this information, the thickness is sometimes determined by the EPC. However, there are cases where it is not specified. We proceed with detailed design based on the selected thicknesses, and if there are any issues, we increase them further.

It's just a draft, so I have explained the entire process from the PC to the manufacturer in this order, and how the product is made. This way, production drawings and strength calculation sheets with a minimum grade of apan r are required. This is written differently by each construction company, so basically, final approval is needed. If not, approval with comments or minor comments is required. When the minimum grade of an or higher is obtained, materials used in the design are purchased, and then production can be carried out with the purchased materials. Based on the approval, the manufacturer proceeds with production. Therefore, storage tanks typically store glass, as I mentioned earlier. The API association is the American Petroleum Institute, which establishes technical standards for petroleum products. Therefore, API 650 is basically for gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and heavy oil.

Asphalt deals with petroleum products like this framework. Even if it's not a petroleum product, it can handle a mixture of water and hazardous chemicals, such as sulfuric acid mentioned earlier. Tanks for storing such substances can also be designed with API. There is only one appropriate standard in Korea, which is API 650. So, if you look at 1,000 units of API 650, you can store fluids other than petroleum products. Therefore, let me give you an example. In the process of handling ramen broth, you can find a couple of areas where storage tanks can be applied. Let's take a look at an example for a moment. At this time, if there is a flow rate of 10km, the ramen broth will rise. Make a packet that can handle that and create a system that can handle the flow. I asked the process engineer to first set the capacity of the storage tank that can handle the flow for 24 hours.

It could be possible, so we are designing a storage tank that can accommodate a capacity of 240 cubic meters, as the flow rate per hour is this much. Therefore, we are trying to design it by setting the width and height inversely. I chose a tank with a height of 7m and a width of 6.5m. I designed a storage tank that can handle a flow rate and capacity of 250 cubic meters. Next, after storing it, once a month a truck comes to take it away. This was also suggested by the EPC. Since a truck will come once a month to take it away, we can design a storage tank that can be visited and taken by a tank once a month. We could also design a storage tank that can hold clean water for a month. For example, a tank that can hold a daily processing capacity of 14 cubic meters.

When the generated water is 10cm, it could reach 300 cubic meters in a month. So, in this way, you could design a 10th cubic meter with a height of 6.4m and a width of 9.35m. By doing this, you can design auxiliary tanks that can be filled until the tank for storing overflowing water arrives. In this way, you can freely choose the capacity, size, and dimensions. So, after you freely choose the size and dimensions, it doesn't end there; you need to consider the site conditions. The actual size of the site provided by the user will greatly affect the size.

It's not always possible to design a tank with a large capacity, and you can increase the height by half compared to the width when designing a tank. Therefore, the size of the site, the space for pipeline installation, and the space for maintenance by personnel should also be secured. It can be considered as a factor in tank sizing. Also, the space for pipelines to pass through must be secured, so such space can also be a consideration. Furthermore, the spacing and discharge considerations for tanks based on regulations should be taken into account. Therefore, everything should be considered so that the space can be entered within the site provided by the user according to related regulations. Thus, designing with a higher height compared to the diameter is possible, but when the height increases compared to the diameter, there are advantages and disadvantages.

So, if you design only half of it and increase the height of the upper part so that the tank height can be raised, the advantage is, first of all, the civil engineering construction costs will definitely be reduced. By using only this much of the site, the civil engineering construction has been reduced by half. Therefore, the construction costs can be reduced, and material costs can be saved. The thickness selection in the design saved is disadvantageous to the diameter itself. So, as the diameter increases, the thickness increases significantly. In terms of height, although the influence of hydrostatic pressure may exist when the height increases, it is less significant than the diameter. Therefore, the thickness can be separated. Thickness can be advantageous. And insulation or painting costs can also be reduced. Depending on the insulation method as the diameter increases, insurance costs may increase, and fluid transportation may be easier due to the increase in the hydraulic diameter. So, that's why.

When there is a nozzle that goes out to the lower part, rather than letting the water flow naturally with this amount of water supply, a higher tank at the upper part can transport the flow with more force through the water tank, which can lead to advantages such as considering lower pressure for the transportation pump, resulting in cost savings. Also, dead stock decreases. Dead stock means that right now, I expressed it as lwl, but it means that the storage tank does not use all the fluid to the bottom, but always considers a safety margin, so this much is always accumulated. If you think that this much fluid is always accumulated, in a tank with a large diameter, this much flow becomes dead stock, meaning that there is twice as much fluid that cannot be actually used compared to a tank that is half the size. A tank with a smaller diameter is advantageous. When the diameter of the storage tank is small and the height is high, there are disadvantages as well.

Above all, it becomes vulnerable to seismic design, so it becomes vulnerable after an earthquake. In any case, if a storage tank that receives lateral support is now placed vertically high, it will become an unstable shape proportionally. Because it becomes proportionally high, it will have a greater tendency to tip over when subjected to any wind or earthquake. Therefore, if it becomes so vulnerable due to its height, anchor bolts must be installed. We will learn more about this later, but tanks that require anchoring and tanks that do not require anchoring can be classified into two categories. Tanks that are tall and have a small diameter require anchoring to prevent tipping over. By installing anchoring, they can withstand overturning due to lateral forces. If anchoring is installed at the bottom through anchor bolts, the tank will not tip over, but the upper part...

Due to the nature of wanting to pass over, excessive stress occurs at the joint area of this crispy part, which is why when sizing tanks, you need to carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages and design accordingly. In actual EPC projects, as well as in manufacturing, it is important to discuss these aspects with EPC during the design process in order to achieve good results and ensure the safe design of storage tanks. So, I will conclude with this today. Thank you.

저장탱크 설계요령 - API 650 TANK

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