실크로드: 무역, 부, 글로벌 영향력

무역로 네트워크인 실크로드는 동지중해와 중앙아시아, 중국을 연결하여 상품, 사상, 질병의 교류를 촉진했습니다.

### 실크로드: 무역, 사상, 질병을 통한 세계 변화
* 🚚 실크로드는 **동지중해와 중앙아시아, 중국을 연결하는 육로와 해로**를 포함하는 광범위한 무역로 네트워크였습니다.
* 🕊 실크로드는 **비단, 올리브, 옥, 향 등 다양한 상품의 교역**을 촉진했으며 **불교의 확산에도 중요한 역할**을 했습니다.
* 💰 실크로드의 성장으로 중앙아시아 유목민과 상인 계층의 지위가 높아지면서 **정치 권력이 바뀌고 부와 정치 사이의 긴장**이 생겨났습니다.
* 🌍 실크로드는 사람들의 생계와 직업에 영향을 미쳐 광범위한 경제적 영향을 미쳤으며 **홍역, 천연두, 페스트와 같은 질병의 확산**을 촉진하기도 했습니다.
* 🎎 실크로드를 따라 등장한 대승불교는 **부처를 신격화**하고 **예배와 수도원의 지원**을 통해 좋은 내세에 대한 희망을 제공했습니다.
* 흑사병으로 알려진 페스트는 실크로드를 통해 확산되어 **14세기 인류 역사상 가장 큰 인구 감소**를 초래했습니다.
* 🌐 실크로드가 촉진한 상호 연결성은 **비단 같은 사치품을 살 수 있는 사람들뿐만 아니라 훨씬 더 많은 사람들에게 영향**을 미쳤으며, 이는 오늘날 세계화의 약속이자 위협과 유사합니다.

Hi there, I’m John Green. This is Crash Course: World History, and today we’re gonna talk about the Silk Road, so-called because it was not a road and not made of silk. So this is a t-shirt. It was designed in Belgium and contains cotton from both Brazil and Texas, which was turned into cloth in China, stitched in Haiti, screen-printed in Washington, sold to me in Indiana, and now that I am too fat to wear it, it will soon make its way to Cameroon or Honduras or possibly even back to Haiti. Can we just pause for a moment to consider the astonishing fact that most t-shirts see more of the World than most of us do— Mr. Green, Mr. Green, the t-shirt can’t see the world because they don’t have eyes— Look, me from the past, it’s difficult for me to isolate what I hate most about you because there is so much to hate.

But very near the top is your relentless talent
for ignoring everything that is interesting and beautiful about our species in favor of
pedantic sniveling, in which no one loses or gains anything of value. I’m gonna go put on a collared shirt because
we’re here to tackle the big picture. [theme music] So the Silk Road didn’t begin trade, but
it did radically expand its scope, and the connections that were formed by mostly unknown
merchants arguably changed the world more than any political or religious leaders. It was especially cool. If you were rich, because
you finally had something to spend your money on other than temples. But even if you weren’t
rich, the Silk Road reshaped the lives of everyone living in Africa and Eurasia, as we will
see today. Let’s go straight to the Thought Bubble. As previously mentioned, the Silk Road was
not a road. It’s not like archaeologists working in Uzbekistan have uncovered a bunch
of yield signs and baby on board stickers.

It was an overland route where merchants carried
goods for trade. But it was really two routes: One that connected
the Eastern Mediterranean to Central Asia, and one that went from Central Asia to China. Further complicating things, the Silk Road
involved sea routes: Many goods reached Rome via the Mediterranean, and goods from Central Asia found their way
across the Pacific to Japan and even Java. So we shouldn’t think of the Silk Road as
a road, but rather as a network of trade routes. But just as now, the goods traveled more than
the people who traded them: Very few traders traversed the entire Silk Road. Instead, they’d
move back and forth between towns, selling to traders who’d take the goods further
toward their destination, with everybody marking up prices along the way. So what’d they trade? Well, silk, for starters.
For millennia, silk was only produced in China. It is spun from the cocoons of mulberry tree-eating
worms, and the process of silk making as well.

as the techniques for raising the worms were
closely guarded secrets. Since the lion’s share of China’s wealth came from silk production, the Chinese used silk as fishing line to buy off nomadic raiders to keep things peaceful, and to write before they invented paper. But as an export, silk was mostly used for clothes. Silk clothing feels light in the summer and warm in the winter, and until we invented $700 pre-distressed designer jeans, decking yourself out in silk was the #1 way to show people that you were wealthy. Thanks, Thought Bubble. But the silk road wasn’t all about silk. The Mediterranean exported such cliched goods as olives, olive oil, wine, and mustachioed plumbers. China also exported raw materials like jade, silver, and iron. India exported fine cotton textiles; the ivory that originated in East Africa made its way across the Silk Road. And Arabia exported incense and spices and tortoise shells. Oh, god, it’s a red one.

isn’t it? It’s just gonna chase me. I
just--- Ow. Up until now, on Crash Course, we’ve been
focused on city-dwelling civilizational types, but with the growth of the Silk Road, the
nomadic people of Central Asia suddenly become much more important to world history. Most of Central Asia isn’t great for agriculture,
but it’s difficult to conquer, unless you are, wait for it -- The Mongols. It also lends itself fairly well to herding,
and since nomads are definitionally good at moving around, they’re also good at moving stuff from
Point A to Point B, which makes them good traders. Plus, all their travel made them more resistant
to diseases. One group of such nomads, the Yuezhi, were
humiliated in battle in the 2nd century BCE by their bitter rivals, the Xiongnu, who turned
the Yuezhi king’s skull into a drinking cup, in fact.

And in the wake of that, the Yuezhi migrated to Bactria and started the Kushan Empire in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan. Although silk road trading began more than a century before the birth of Jesus, it really took off in the second and third centuries CE, and the Kushan Empire became a huge hub for that silk road trade. By then, nomads were being eclipsed by professional merchants who traveled the silk roads, often making huge profits, but those cities that had been founded by nomadic peoples became hugely important. They continued to grow because most of the trade on the Silk Road was by caravan, and those caravans had to stop frequently, you know, for like food and water and prostitutes. These towns became fantastically wealthy. One, Palmyra, was particularly important because all of the incense and silk that traveled to Rome had to go through Palmyra. Silk was so popular among the Roman elite that the Roman senate repeatedly tried to ban it.

complaining about trade imbalances caused by the
silk trade, and also that silk was inadequately modest. To quote Seneca the Younger, “I see clothes of silk.
If materials that do not hide the body, nor even one's decency, can be called clothes,” he also said of the woman who wears silk,
“her husband has no more acquaintance than any outsider or foreigner with his wife's
body. And yet all attempts to ban silk failed,
which speaks to how much, even in the ancient world, wealth shaped governance. And with trade, there was a way to become
wealthy without being a king or lord who takes part of what your citizens produce. The merchant class that grew along with the
Silk Road came to have a lot of political clout, and in some ways that began the tension that we
still see today between wealth and politics. Whether it’s, you know, corporations making large donations,
or Vladimir Putin periodically jailing billionaires.

Mr. Putin, I just want to state for the record that I did not mean that in any way. I was -- Stan wrote that joke. Oh, it’s time for the Open Letter. An Open Letter to Billionaires: But first, let’s see what’s in the Secret Compartment today. Oh, it’s some fake silk; the stuff that put real silk out of business. Dear Billionaires, I’ve wrapped myself in the finest of polyester so that you will take my message seriously. Here at Crash Course, we’ve done a lot of research into our demographics, and our show is watched primarily by Grammar Nazis, Muggle Quidditch Players, People Who Have a Test Tomorrow, and Billionaires. I have a message for you, Billionaires: It will never be enough. Your relentless yearning is going to kill us all. Best wishes, John Green. Speaking of billionaires, the goods that travelled on the Silk Road really only changed the lives

of rich people. Did the Silk Road affect the
rest of us? Yes, for three reasons. First, wider economic impact. Relatively few
people could afford silk, but a lot of people devoted their lives to making that silk. And as the market for silk grew, more and
more people chose to go into silk production rather than doing something else with their
lives. Second, the Silk Road didn’t just trade
luxury goods. In fact, arguably the most important thing traded along the Silk Road: ideas. For example, the Silk Road was the primary
route for the spread of Buddhism. When we last saw the Buddha’s Eight-Fold Path to escaping
the cycle of suffering and desire that's inherent to humans, it was beginning to dwindle in
India. But through contacts with other cultures and
traditions, Buddhism grew and flourished and became one of the great religious traditions
of the world. The variation of Buddhism that took root in
China, Korea, Japan, and Central Asia is known

as Mahayana Buddhism, and it differed from
the original teachings of the Buddha in many ways, but one that was fundamental. For Mahayana
Buddhists, the Buddha was divine. (I mean, we can—and religious historians do—fight
over the exact definition of divine, but in Mahayanna Buddhism, there’s no question
that the Buddha is venerated to a greater degree. The idea of Nirvana also transformed from
a release from that cycle of suffering and desire to something much more heavenly and
frankly more fun, and in some versions of Mahayana Buddhism, there are lots of different
heavens, each more awesome than the last. Rather than focusing on the fundamental fact
of suffering, Mahayana Buddhism offered the hope that through worship of the Buddha, or
one of the many bodhisattvas – holy people who could have achieved nirvana but chose
to hang out on Earth with us because they’re

super nice– one could attain a good afterlife. Many merchants on the Silk Road became strong
supporters of monasteries, which in turn became convenient weigh stations for caravans. And by endowing the monasteries, rich merchants
were buying a form of supernatural insurance. Monks who lived in the monasteries would pray
for the success of trade missions and the health of their patrons. It was win-win, especially
when you consider that one of the central materials used in Mahayana Buddhist rituals
is … silk. And a third reason the Silk Road changed all
our lives: worldwide interconnectedness of populations led to the spread of disease. Measles and Smallpox traveled along it, as
did bubonic plague, which came from the East to the West in 534, 750, and—most devastatingly—in
1346. This last plague—known as the Black Death—resulted
in the largest population decimation in human

history, with nearly half of Europeans dying
in a four-year period. A sizable majority of people living in Italy
died, as did two-thirds of Londoners. And it quite possibly wouldn’t have happened
without the Silk Road. If you were living in London during the fourteenth century, you
probably didn’t blame the Silk Road for your community’s devastation, but it played
a role. If you look at it that way, the interconnectedness
fostered by Silk Road affected way, way more people than just those rich enough to buy
silk, just as today’s globalization offers both promise and threat to each of us. Next week we’ll talk about Julius Caesar
and in what situation, if any, it’s okay to stab your friend in the gut. Until then,
thanks for watching. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan
Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. Our graphics team is Thought Bubble, and the
show is written by my high school history.

teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Kim Kardashian.
If you didn't like it, SUGGEST BETTER PHRASES OF THE WEEK IN COMMENTS. Every week, I take
one of your suggestions and find a way to squeeze it into the new episode. If you liked today's episode of Crash Course,
please click the like button and consider sharing the show with your friends. You can also follow us on Twitter @THECRASHCOURSE,
or on Facebook, links below. Raoul also has a Twitter where he tweets Crash
Course pop quizzes. As do I. All of those links can be found below. Also, the beloved and not fictitious Stan
has agreed to start tweeting. So that's exciting! Thanks for watching, and as we say in my hometown,
don’t forget to be awesome. Oh, hey. Remember that Mongols shirt from
the beginning of the episode? In addition to being a joke, it's a shirt!

So many of you requested Mongols shirts that
WE ARE GIVING THEM TO YOU! They are now available for
pre-order at DFTBA.com. Link in the video info below, so you can show your love for
Crash Course or Mongols or exceptions.

The Silk Road and Ancient Trade: Crash Course World History #9

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실크로드가 세계 무역에 미친 영향

실크로드는 실제로는 도로가 아니라 지중해 동부와 중앙아시아, 중국을 연결하는 무역로 네트워크이자 로마와 태평양을 가로지르는 바닷길이었어요.

이 무역 네트워크는 상품과 문화의 교류를 촉진하여 아프리카와 유라시아 사람들의 삶을 형성하는 등 전 세계에 지대한 영향을 미쳤습니다.

실크로드는 주로 중국에서 수천 년 동안 독점적으로 생산된 비단 무역에 사용되었으며, 이는 세계 무역에서 중국 제품이 얼마나 중요한 역할을 했는지를 보여줍니다.

실크로드가 무역과 역사에 미친 영향

비단은 의복뿐만 아니라 낚싯줄, 필기 재료, 해적들을 매수하기 위한 상품으로도 사용되었습니다.

실크로드는 비단, 올리브, 올리브유, 와인, 옥, 향신료 등 다양한 상품의 교역을 촉진하여 관련 지역의 부와 중요성에 영향을 미쳤습니다.

실크로드의 성장으로 유목민 상인이 전문 상인으로 바뀌면서 팔미라와 같은 부유한 무역 도시가 번영을 누리게 되었습니다.

실크로드 무역은 부를 중심으로 한 통치와 영향력 있는 상인 계층의 부상으로 이어졌습니다.

또한 억만장자의 영향력 사례에서 볼 수 있듯이 오늘날에도 여전히 관련이 있는 부와 정치 사이의 긴장을 촉발시켰습니다.

실크로드는 비단과 같은 사치품을 거래했을 뿐만 아니라 사상의 교류를 촉진하여 불교가 여러 문화권에 걸쳐 확산되고 번성하는 데 중요한 역할을 했습니다.

대승불교는 부처를 신성한 존재로 간주하고 열반이라는 천상의 개념을 강조함으로써 원래의 가르침과는 달랐습니다.

실크로드 상인들의 수도원 지원은 승려들의 기도를 통해 초자연적인 보험을 제공했고, 실크로드의 상호 연결성 덕분에 치명적인 흑사병을 비롯한 질병의 확산에 기여했습니다.

주간 문구 제안 및 몽골리안 셔츠

시청자는 쇼의 새로운 '금주의 문구'를 제안할 수 있습니다.

라울 마이어와 진행자는 크래시 코스 업데이트를 위한 트위터 계정을 가지고 있습니다.

이 쇼는 시청자가 사전 주문할 수 있도록 몽골 셔츠를 제공하고 있습니다.