사피엔스: 인류의 진화와 혁명

유발 노아 하라리의 『사피엔스』에서 설명한 것처럼, 인간은 농업과 과학 혁명을 통해 지배적인 종이 되었습니다.

### 사피엔스: 유발 노아 하라리가 말하는 인간 진화의 두 단계
* 🔥 불의 발견으로 인류는 **이전에는 먹을 수 없었던 음식을 먹고, 감염을 피하고, 엄청난 힘을 발휘**할 수 있게 되었습니다.
* 💬 인간은 언어를 통해 **방대한 양의 정보를 공유**하고, 관계를 구축하며, 효과적으로 협력할 수 있었습니다.
* 🌾 농업 혁명은 **농업이 식량 과잉, 인구 증가, 복잡한 사회의 출현**으로 이어지면서 인류의 수준을 한 단계 끌어올리는 계기가 되었습니다.
* 과학 혁명은 인류가 무지를 받아들이고 지식을 추구하며 특히 의학 분야에서 상당한 발전을 이루면서 **두 번째 단계**로 발전했습니다.
* ❓ 유발 하라리는 농업, 과학, 역사 발전의 단점을 강조하며 **진보의 개념에 도전**합니다.
* 🌍 역사를 보면 인간은 자신이 어디로 향하고 있는지, 무엇을 하고 있는지, **진정으로 원하는 것이 무엇인지** 알지 못하는 경우가 많다는 것을 알 수 있습니다.
* 🧠 '사피엔스'의 진정한 핵심은 **인지 혁명**이며, 이 부분은 다음 논의에서 살펴볼 것입니다.

Today's the day you've been waiting for. It's Sapiens. It's a very famous book. Ah, famous books are a bit. Even if you have hipster tendency due to your antipathy to fame, you can consider this a very great book that can make you forget its fame. But it has 650 pages. When it comes to interior, even if you say it's worth only around 2 books, when you try to read it, it'll feel like your brain is splitting. [The amount is too much] Because the content is so vast, there are many cases where people miss the main content. Therefore, today I'm going to start it off nicely for those of you who can't turn the pages even though you've bought it. I've read it, but I'd like to rehash it! I couldn't understand it. If you want to have a bite, we will compress Sapiens more.

thoroughly and carefully than other contents out there, so just trust me and follow me. Come on! [Adding YouTube sentiments to reading / NJT]. How did a human become the best? Humans have been so strong and so cruel since a long time ago. Whenever humans take a step, animal carcasses came out in a bunch. A big rat that has been eating and living well for tens of millions of years, a very big elephant, a huge cat, and even a huge monkey, most of them disappeared in less than 2,000 years as soon as they met humans. They have been extinct throughout the vast history. Aack, it's a human! Let me live! Human beings were nothing less than a walking catastrophe. As soon as humans arrived in Australia, 23 out of 24 species of huge animals went extinct. Fiji, New Caledonia, Samoa, Tonga, Marshall Islands, Hawaii, New Zealand, America. No matter the nation, if humans make their way there,

the ecosystem would have changed beyond recognition. This is what human is! As for this cruelty,
even though they look exactly like us, it was done by Neanderthals, who
were twice as strong and had a much larger brain size of brain than us. Now, wouldn't there be something
you're curious about at this point? How did humans become the best? Humans' place in the food chain was, until very recently, in the middle. Even if you, who are currently watching
this video, were to fight with a chimpanzee, most of you will be knocked out in a minute. Then, how did such weak creature take over the over planet earth and was
able to torture other animals? Maybe because we're the only
animal that can use equipment? No. Like I mentioned in another video, Orangutans fish for termites with branches, and even use it to take things out of the water. Bald eagles use rocks to break ostrich's eggs and eat them.

and seagulls eat clams on rocks. Beavers even cut down trees and build dams. To say that we're the only animal that uses equipment, there's too much instances that says the contrary. Then, what is the most appropriate answer? The first one is fire. Ever since humans found out about fire, they were able to eat rice or potatoes that were hard to eat raw. Since they can also avoid bacterial and parasitic infections with it. And the most important key point is that fire is very much strong. A child with a torch is capable of burning down a forest and wiping out hundreds of people just within a few hours. The power of fire was simply devastating. Do you have any complaints, then? Of course, I have none. 150,000 years ago, despite the benefits of fire, humankind was still struggling on the edge of Africa. The real factor that made humans strong was actually language. Of course, other primates, like elephants and whales

also talk in their own language. For example, in the case of green monkeys, Be careful, there's an eagle! A lion's coming! Run! They may talk to each other like this. However, the language of humans is a bit different. Connecting limited sounds to symbols can really create infinite kinds of sentences. If a monkey goes, Careful, there's a human! We can say it like this. I saw a monkey this morning at 11:30 AM in Shinchon. Continuing on, At the station? Not the station, but around Outback. They can describe the exact location and the way to get there. Shall we report it to the police? With this information, they can work with each other and share opinions on what to do with the monkey. I'll upload it on my Instagram. Language has helped humans share a lot of information, build friendships, and strengthen cooperative relationships. Now, okay!

Fire and language. It's exactly what we saw in the textbook. Hmm, but, you see, it still kind of feels stuffy, right? Yes, that's it. Even though fire and language are indeed the key points to the development of humankind. [Is that really all..?] It's a not enough answer to the question on how humans became the one to rule the world. In fact, isn't it scientifically proven that the only time we deal with fire is while eating or smoking, and that the natural scale that can speak with language is only about 150 people? The nature of the question about how humans became the strongest in the world is not these stuffs. What we're really curious about is how do humans use smartphone, how do they drive cars, how did they get to develop vaccines, and how were they able to launch rockets? Sapiens is a book that gives a clear answer to that question. The real reason about how humans took over the earth.

there's no need to explain it long. The decisive reason about it explained by Sapiens is none other than the two levels of Level Up. The 1st level is the agricultural revolution. The 2nd level is the science revolution. Humans were able to become the strongest on earth after these two stages of awakening. Then, shall we look into them one by one? [Agricultural Revolution / The first level] Until before humans started farming, there was little to no food leftovers. They would've been looking for a day's worth of food, and were scrambling to eat it before it goes bad. But how about farming? Because of its nature, it leaves a lot of rice for months to years. Thus, those leftover rice became the key factor in the development of civilization. The population increased as much as the amount of rice left. The more people born, the more advanced technology becomes, and the more advanced technology is, more rice will be left.

I think I can handle farming by myself. By then, they could even feed people who don't farm. This spare time has created so-called professional jobs, like miners digging for ore,
and soldiers guarding the town. And among them were politicians,
like civil servants and kings. It is the birth of a nation. If you dedicate the leftover
rice in your home to the nation, the nation would keep us safe with its law and army. In this process, the nation created
texts to record how much rice was dedicated. Texts have become a save-load device for human knowledge. It's the butterfly effect from leftover rice. Okay, understood for now! However, we still have a long way to go, right? I understand that farming was a revolution, but if they're just plowing the field
like this, when will they arrive on the moon and make a smartphone? Yes, I understand. The agricultural revolution is just the beginning. The decisive cause that pushed humans to be the strongest.

is the 2nd awakening! [Science Revolution / The second level]
In other words, the science revolution. Before we had a science revolution, humans thought that they've known everything. What happens if they don't know something? Then, they'd just go ask Jesus, Buddha, or Confucius. I got slapped on my cheek, what should I do? Get slapped on the other side as well. Of course, the mighty people didn't
know every information out there, but they didn't need to worry much about it. Because things that Jesus or Buddha don't know about are useless knowledge
that you don't need to know about as well. [Icarus / Tower of Babel]
No, it was knowledge that you shouldn't know. But how is it right now? Even though physicists have
studied constantly all their lives, they meekly admit that they don't know what caused the Big Bang,
or how to intermix relativity with quantum mechanics.

And thus they say, That's why we want to know..! The world has changed dramatically since we realized that we knew absolutely nothing. More than half of the tightly packed world map was drawn empty. The people who saw the empty map felt a bloodthirsty sense of adventure and conquest. Ah, I want to find out! Now, the people who insisted that they're right have become cool enough to acknowledge things when there's evidence. Because, you didn't know, and I didn't know as well. This is a scientific revolution called the Revolution of Ignorance. The idea that humans don't know things yet aroused the desire to explore and conquer all the unknown in the world. Even at this moment, many unknown lands are being conquered by scientists. And among them, the sector that stands out the most is medicine. Up until the 19th century, even if you get only minor injuries, the doctors would saw off your hands and legs.

There were more sons of carpenters in military hospitals than people with a doctor's license, because they didn't really need anything for surgery other than sawing techniques. One in three children died before they even graduated from elementary school. The human life expectancy was less than 40 years old. Then, how about now? Humankind has overcome many diseases and wounds, and human life expectancy has even nearly doubled. We're now doing something we've never imagined before, and scientists are trying to do something even more amazing. Science has already succeeded in increasing the lifespan of insects by six times and creating genius mice that are capable of learning. Biotech arms like Automail from Fullmetal Alchemist, retinal implant for visual impairment, and bionic ears for the deaf, new inventions like these that can replace the human body are coming out in a row. There's still a lot of room for improvement, but really, in the near future, it's going

to be much stronger and more detailed than the human body. Hold on, then I just need to swap my body
with new parts before grow old and die. In the end, we'd end up thinking like this. Some scholars are really serious about saying that in 2050,
some humans won't die. Of course, not all scholars agree on this kind of future, but looking back on the decades we've been through, we can't completely ignore that possibility. What if we use genetic modification
to increase regeneration? What if we use nanorobots to remove cancer cells? What if we upload our brains to the computer? Human beings have already been
investing tens, hundreds, and thousands of trillion won in these fantasies every year, and that possibility continues to grow. However. Everyone. Yuval Harari splashed some cold water out of the blue. Does this really look like level up to you? Let's go back and look at the
agricultural revolution again.

We often accept farming as a level-up for mankind. It's all thanks to farming that primitive men who trembled from the cold and the wild beasts were protected by civilization and enjoyed a safe life. Yes, that is correct. It is a fact that the agricultural revolution provided humanity with safety. However, that doesn't mean that it's definitely better. So what was life like for hunter-gatherers on the Korean Peninsula tens of thousands of years ago? For example, I think it was like this. They woke up at 8 AM in the morning and left the camp. They plucked out mushrooms in the forest near them, dug up vegetables, caught frogs, and at 1 PM, they returned to the camp and prepared lunch. For the rest of their time, they chat with their friends, and idle away their time around a bonfire. They danced and had a good sleep. But after the agricultural revolution, the farmer spent all day in the blazing sun.

and disease-infested soil, eating weeds, plowing fields, catching bugs, collecting poop, and fetching water. The livestock they started to raise
spread countless infectious diseases, and the leftover rice (private property)
brought endless greed and discrimination. [Agriculture is the biggest scam in human history]. I'm sure you have seen this picture before at least once. It's the dining table of our ancestors who only ate rice with no side dishes. [I can't stand rice].
Most of them took it as a joke, saying
that it was the power of Koreans for rice, but this picture actually contains
much more detailed information. Until very recently, people in agrarian societies ate very limited foods (rice) and had unbalanced diets. The humans who ate fruits, fish, meat, and various nutrients every day suffered from vitamin deficiency, malnutrition, shortness, and weakness,
ever since they started farming. There were also a lot more who starved to death.

So, that's it. This is the biggest problem of the Agricultural Revolution. The dependence on single food (rice) was too high. [There's no food around.]
Before farming, if the grass they usually eat is gone,
they could have eaten something else. [We need to move out.]
or move out to a new place. But after farming, if there's a drought,
fire, earthquake, or everything else, you're going to have to starve to death. That's just what happened to them,
isn't it still a good thing for humanity? Of course, had the agricultural revolution didn't happen, we wouldn't have the air conditioners today, we wouldn't be able to order delivery, and we might have not been able to live comfortably. However, the child who starved to death 2,000 years ago, I died of malnutrition, but in 2,000 years,
people will eat delicious meals, and live in large air-conditioned houses,
so I'm not bothered.

he wouldn't have said this. And in this context, the same goes for science. It is science who heals people who are sick, but it is also science who sent the atomic bomb to Nagasaki. Science's unique curiosity and desire to conquer led to the discovery of America beyond the unknown sea, but everything that followed was also done by the curiosity and the desire to conquer science. A lot of modern people live on the scaffold of science, but underneath that scaffold, there's a much larger number of bodies rotting with painful expressions. Then, why did we level up? By the time small changes pile up and pile up and change society as a whole, we forget how we used to live. We can't even imagine a life without refrigerators, air conditioners, and smartphones. Sometimes, when we have to take a bus without a battery, we'd feel a hellish kind of fear. Ah, should I take this one? But, we know it from experience.

Was your life painful and hellish when you had no smartphone? We believe that we are living a better and better world as the days go by, but as history unfolds, there is no evidence that human welfare is unconditionally better. I'm serious, just think about it. Have we really become happier? Are you sure that the old men and women who lived in Asia's poorest countries were more depressed and unhappy than we are now? Has the world been made a better and happier place to live while the scientific revolution gave us superhuman strength and near-infinite energy? If that is not the case, can we really call it a level up? We think that everything has turned better and that the world has improved, but history is surprisingly uninterested in your happiness. Yuval Harari emphasizes this. Humans are so ignorant and weak that they usually don't influence history to develop in their favor. [(Although there is a measure of believing that)] We do not have an objective measure of what's right.

It's true that mankind is enjoying unprecedented peace now, but it's also true that communities break up and feel unprecedented loneliness. In the end, we do not know anything. The historical unit I described earlier is at least thousands of years ago, but while child mortality has declined, life expectancy has only increased to still less than 100 years. The timeframe is too short for us to judge the scientific revolution for any other history. And perhaps, just like how Yuval Harari criticized the agricultural revolution, saying that it's crap, even a scholar in the distant future might also think that all of this revolution was nothing but crap. Maybe the scientific revolution will find a clue to human happiness and enter an eternal golden age, or it may be a seed of disaster that will lead to a catastrophe in the near future. In the end, the core point that Sapiens emphasizes is this.

As history proves and science claims, humans don't even know where they're going, what they're doing, and what they want. Now, I've talked about the content of Sapiens. How was it? What... Are you kidding me right now? How can you forget the most important thing? Is something lacking? Yes, that's right. It's on purpose. The real core point of the book, Sapiens, is the fundamental level up that took place long before the 2nd level up. It lies in the Cognitive Revolution. This is the real core point of Sapiens. Then why did you leave out such important thing? Well, that's obviously because we couldn't finish this fun topic with just one video. Now, you can just consider the video today as a teaser. Many people only know the details of some of the agricultural revolutions. Even if someone teaches them, they'd subtly tell them to shut up.

or might even feel evasive. And in any way, it is because the 2nd part of Sapiens hides the very spicy, eye-opening, and tingling greatest secret of human history. Therefore, look forward to it! [Today's book / Not a paid promotion]
[Sapiens / Yuval Noah Harari]. I scripted it tightly to make it more fun to watch.
If you can't wait until next week, buy and read the book.

[사피엔스] 모두가 인정하는 명작

독서에 유튜브 갬성을 끼얹다


문의 : ttok@njtbook.com

너진똑 NJT BOOK

사피엔스의 힘: 인간이 지배적인 종이 된 방법

사피엔스는 인류의 부상을 탐구하는 650페이지 분량의 유명하지만 어려운 책입니다.

이 책은 다른 많은 동물보다 신체적으로 약했던 인간이 어떻게 지구상에서 가장 지배적이고 파괴적인 종이 되었는지에 대해 설명합니다.

저자는 인류 지배의 핵심 요인이 단순한 도구의 사용이 아니라 불의 발견과 언어의 발달이었다고 주장하며 불의 파괴적인 힘과 인간의 독특한 의사소통 능력을 강조합니다.

인류 진화의 두 가지 핵심 단계

언어를 통해 복잡한 정보를 전달하고 협력 관계를 구축하는 인간의 능력은 인류의 발전에 결정적인 역할을 했습니다.

사피엔스』는 식량의 잉여를 창출하고 전문화를 가능하게 한 농업 혁명과 과학 혁명이 인간을 지배적인 존재로 이끈 두 가지 핵심 단계라고 주장합니다.

농업 혁명은 인구 증가, 기술 발전, 국가 형성으로 이어져 더 큰 발전의 발판을 마련했습니다.

과학 혁명 이전에는 사람들이 지식을 얻기 위해 종교인에게 의존했지만, 이제는 미지의 세계를 탐구하고자 하는 열망이 강해졌습니다.

이 혁명은 의학을 변화시켜 기대 수명을 크게 늘리고 생명공학의 경계를 넓혔습니다.

과학자들은 이제 잠재적으로 인체를 대체하고 향상시킬 수 있는 발명품을 개발하고 있으며, 이는 장밋빛 미래로 이어질 전망입니다.

인류 진화와 농업 혁명에 대한 논쟁

일부 학자들은 유전자 변형과 기술의 발전으로 2050년에는 인간이 더 이상 죽지 않을 것이라고 예측합니다.

하지만 유발 하라리는 이러한 발전이 진정한 진보인지에 대해 의문을 제기합니다.

농업 혁명은 안전과 문명을 제공했지만 질병, 고된 노동, 사회적 문제를 가져와 인류의 삶에 복잡한 방식으로 영향을 미쳤습니다.

농업으로의 전환은 식생활 문제를 야기하여 많은 사람들에게 비타민 결핍, 영양실조, 기아의 위험을 초래했습니다.

농업 혁명으로 인해 단일 식량 공급원에 대한 의존도가 높아지면서 환경 재해로 인한 기아의 위험이 높아졌습니다.

현대의 안락함과 의학 발전과 같은 과학 발전의 혜택에도 불구하고 인류의 복지와 행복이 전반적으로 향상되었는지는 의문입니다.

역사적으로 진보의 방향에 대한 인간의 영향력은 제한적이었기 때문에 진정한 사회 발전의 척도에 대한 의문이 제기되고 있습니다.

'사피엔스'의 인지 혁명이 미친 영향

"사피엔스"는 다른 혁명에 초점을 맞추고 있지만 인류 역사에서 인지 혁명의 중요한 역할을 강조하는 책입니다.

저자는 미래의 불확실성과 인간의 행동과 욕망에 대한 이해의 한계를 강조합니다.

책의 후반부에서는 '인류 역사상 가장 위대한 비밀'이 밝혀질 것을 예고하며 독자들의 기대감을 불러일으킵니다.