양자 컴퓨팅: 기술 및 과학의 혁신

### 양자 컴퓨팅의 힘을 활용하세요: Google의 퀀텀 AI 살펴보기
* 🔮 양자 컴퓨팅은 **양자 물리학의 법칙**을 활용하여 기존 컴퓨터보다 훨씬 적은 단계로 계산을 수행하며, **병렬 우주 개념**을 활용하여 처리 능력을 향상시킵니다.
* 🛠 하트무트 네벤이 이끄는 Google의 양자 AI 팀은 **2012년부터 양자 컴퓨팅 분야를 선도**해 왔으며, 현재는 **오류 수정 양자 컴퓨터와 알고리즘 개발**에 주력하고 있습니다.
* 💻 Neven은 양자 알고리즘이 기존 컴퓨터로는 불가능한 작업을 단 한 번의 호출로 **4개로 구성된 데이터베이스에서 항목을 찾는 방법**을 보여주는 Cirq 프로그램을 통해 양자 컴퓨팅의 실제 사용법을 시연합니다.
* 📈 구글의 양자 컴퓨터는 이미 계산 능력에서 기존 슈퍼컴퓨터를 능가하는 중요한 이정표를 달성했으며, **올해 말까지 100만 큐비트 양자 컴퓨터를 구축할 계획**입니다.
* 🧪 현재 양자 실험은 **'시간 결정'의 생성, 다양한 분야에 잠재적으로 응용될 수 있는 비아벨리안 아논의 연구** 등 흥미로운 결과를 만들어냈습니다.
* 🔬 구글의 핵 전자 스핀 분광학용 양자 알고리즘은 **스마트폰이나 스마트워치와 같은 소비자 기기의 분자 검출**과 같은 미래 상용 애플리케이션에 대한 가능성을 보여줍니다.
* 양자 컴퓨팅은 **신약 개발, 배터리 설계, 기후 변화 솔루션**과 같은 분야를 발전시킬 수 있는 큰 잠재력을 가지고 있으며, **복잡한 양자 시스템을 시뮬레이션**하여 보다 정확한 예측을 할 수 있는 능력을 갖추고 있습니다.
* 🧠 또한 네벤은 양자 물리학 및 신경생물학의 교차점을 탐구하며 **양자 정보 과학이 의식과 현실의 본질에 대한 근본적인 질문에 답하는 데 도움이 될 수 있다**고 제안합니다.

하트무트는 구글 퀀텀 AI를 이끌며 양자 컴퓨팅의 성능과 획기적인 애플리케이션의 잠재력을 발전시키고 있습니다.

I'm Hartmut. I lead Google Quantum AI. I have been working on quantum computing since 2012. And let me tell you why this is so intriguing. Today's computers, like your laptop or a server at a Google data center, operate on the binary logic of zeros and ones. A quantum computer like this one replaces the binary logic with the laws of quantum physics that gives it more powerful operations, allowing it to perform certain computations with way fewer steps. So where does this superpower come from? Quantum computing is the first technology that takes the idea serious that we live in a multiverse. It can be seen as farming out computations to parallel universes. Let me explain. In quantum physics, the key mathematical object to describe many worlds is called superposition. To understand what it is, let's look at this simple system. You just need three bits to describe it. Each coin is a two-state system.

Heads or tails, zero or one. We look at a start state. If I were to know which forces
act on the system, then I can predict its trajectory
and future states. This is how we reason in classical physics,
and also in everyday life. But if you were to treat
this as a quantum system, then it can branch into many
configurations simultaneously. And we have to keep track
of all those trajectories, interfere them to make
an accurate prediction of what states we are going
to see in the future. So the equations of quantum mechanics tell us that at any time, any object, myself or the world at large, exists in a superposition
of many configurations. Intriguingly, look around in this room. We are forming a configuration too. And the equations of quantum
physics would suggest that we sit in different
arrangements in different worlds. This superpower
can be applied to computation. Picture a search task.

By envisioning a very tall closet
with a million drawers, I place an item in one of the drawers. How many drawers do you have
to open to find the item? On average, it will be half a million, but if you had access
to a quantum algorithm, it would only be 1,000 steps
to find the item. How in the world can this be? Indeed, it cannot be in a single world. So here you see a good example of how quantum computing
can attain an advantage by performing computations
in parallel worlds. Let me show you how to use
a quantum computer in practice. So here you see a program in Cirq, or Python-based programming language
to express quantum algorithms. It looks like sheet music. Each line represents a qubit, and each box represents an operation. When I hit return, then it gets transmitted
to our data center in Santa Barbara. Here you actually see
a live feed of one of our machines.

Actually, our most powerful quantum
computers now have over 100 qubits. There, the operations
get translated into waveforms, electrical pulses that control the qubits. You see how the waveforms change
as I change the circuit. So this is a simple two-qubit circuit
performing quantum search. For the programmers among you, please note how I find one item
in a database of four by only doing a single call
to the database. This is something you could not do
on an ordinary computer. So what can you do
with quantum computers today? We have prepared
interesting quantum states and studied their properties. This has led to dozens of publications in high-impact journals
like Nature or Science. Actually, I like to think of it
as creating little pieces of magic. For example, one state we prepared can be thought of as spawning
a tiny traversable wormhole. We can use it to learn
about the physics of wormholes.

We can throw a qubit in and see how it reappears on the other side. We made time crystals. That's a cool word, isn't it? Like, who doesn't want to have a time crystal as an earring? Time crystals have amazing physical properties. They change periodically in time without ever exchanging energy with the environment. That's the closest to a perpetual mobile that the laws of physics allow you to get. Or a final example, non-abelian anyons. This is a mouthful, but these are systems that change the overall properties when exchanging two identical parts, something humans have never seen before. Because envision a little house made of Lego bricks and envision swapping two bricks that look identical. In everyday life, you would not notice a difference, but quantum physicists had predicted that systems can exist, that exchange or change their properties when you exchange two identical parts. To date, nobody has performed a practical application that can only be done on a quantum computer.

Despite what you may have read in the press, today, I'm excited to tell you that we are completing the design of an algorithm that may lead to the first commercial applications. This quantum algorithm performs signal processing to enable new ways to detect and analyze molecules using nuclear electronic spin spectroscopy. In time, this may lead to exciting consumer applications. Envision a device akin to an electronic nose in your phone or smartwatch. Wouldn't it be awesome if your phone could warn you that you stepped into a room with dangerous viruses? Or if your smartwatch could detect free radicals in your bloodstream and tell you it's time to drink your acai juice, or warn you of allergens in food or many other truly helpful use cases. To unlock more applications, you will need to build a large error-corrected quantum computer. Here you see our roadmap: How to build a computer with a million physical qubits.

It consists of six milestones, and we achieved already the first two. Prior to 2019, nobody had shown a beyond classical computation on a quantum computer. We were the first to demonstrate it. Our chip could perform a computation that the then-fastest supercomputer would have needed 10,000 years to do. But recently, we repeated this experiment. And now, Frontier, today's top supercomputer, would need one billion years to perform this computation. This dramatic growth in compute power corroborates Neven's Law, which says that the power of quantum computers will grow at a double exponential rate. In 2023, we achieved the second milestone. We demonstrated again for the first time that quantum error correction is a scalable technology. Error correction sounds boring, but it's crucial. Today, our two-qubit operations have an error rate of 1 in 1,000. That means that in every 1,000 steps or so,

the quantum computer will crash. To improve this, we combine many physical qubits
to a logical qubit to reduce the error rate
to 1 in a billion or even less. We are about halfway through our road map, and we are optimistic
that we will complete it before the end of this decade. We have done analytical
and numerical studies to predict which algorithms
will be impactful on such a large quantum computer. A class of applications we like
and we call Feynman's killer app, is the simulation of systems
where quantum effects are important. This is relevant for designing
more effective, more targeted medicines. Specifically, we have worked
with a pharmaceutical company on algorithms to describe cytochrome P450. This group of enzymes metabolizes
about 75 percent of the drugs we take. Or the design of lighter,
faster-charging batteries that can hold a larger charge
for electric cars or even electric airplanes. Or to hasten the design of fusion reactors
to help with climate change.

arguably humanity's most urgent challenge. A recent result is a novel algorithm that delivers significant speed up
for optimization. This is a big deal because optimization
problems are ubiquitous in engineering, finance,
or machine learning. A way to think about this
result is in the future, when an AI will play chess
or Go against the quantum AI, the quantum AI will win. This result shows that quantum computers will become a must-have capability to serve foundational computational tasks. I'm also very interested
in the intersection of physics and neurobiology. Quantum information science may enable us to answer
one of humanity's deepest questions: What creates conscious experience? An attractive conjecture
is that consciousness is how we experience the emergence of a single classical world out of the many
the multiverse is composed of. With academic collaborators, I have started a program
to experimentally test this conjecture using methods of quantum neurobiology. If our conjecture is correct, this would allow us to expand
human consciousness in space.

time and complexity. In conclusion, we are making steady progress towards building the world's first
useful quantum computer and applying its enormous power
to important challenges. A quantum computer will be
a gift to future generations, giving them a new tool to solve problems
that today are unsolvable. Thank you. (Applause)

Quantum Computers Aren’t What You Think — They’re Cooler | Hartmut Neven | TED

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양자 컴퓨팅은 양자 물리학의 법칙에 따라 작동하므로 더 강력한 연산과 더 적은 계산 단계를 가능하게 합니다.

이 기술은 시스템이 동시에 여러 구성으로 존재할 수 있는 다중 우주와 중첩이라는 개념을 활용합니다.

양자 컴퓨팅은 이러한 궤적을 방해함으로써 미래 상태를 정확하게 예측할 수 있으며 계산 작업에 혁명을 일으킬 수 있는 잠재력을 가지고 있습니다.

양자 컴퓨팅: 평행 세계 엿보기

양자 알고리즘은 병렬 세계에서의 계산을 통해 백만 개의 서랍이 있는 옷장에서 단 1,000단계 만에 물건을 찾을 수 있습니다.

Cirq 또는 Python으로 양자 알고리즘을 프로그래밍하는 것은 각 줄이 큐비트를 나타내는 악보처럼 보입니다.

오늘날 양자 컴퓨터는 흥미로운 양자 상태를 생성할 수 있어 영향력 있는 저널에 게재되고 횡단 가능한 웜홀과 같은 현상을 연구할 수 있습니다.

타임 크리스탈과 양자 컴퓨팅의 혁명적 잠재력

시간 결정은 환경과 에너지를 교환하지 않고 주기적으로 변화하는 독특한 물리적 특성을 가지고 있으며, 마치 영구 운동 기계와 유사합니다.

비아벨리안 애니온은 양자 물리학의 획기적인 개념으로, 동일한 부품이 교환될 때 특성을 변화시킬 수 있으며, 양자 컴퓨팅에 실용적으로 응용될 수 있는 잠재력을 지니고 있습니다.

새로운 양자 알고리즘은 분자 감지를 위한 신호 처리의 상업적 응용을 가능하게 하여 잠재적으로 바이러스, 자유 라디칼 및 알레르겐을 감지하는 소비자 장치로 이어질 수 있도록 설계되고 있습니다.

양자 컴퓨팅의 이정표와 향후 애플리케이션

Google은 양자 컴퓨팅의 첫 두 가지 이정표를 달성하며 고전적인 계산과 확장 가능한 양자 오류 정정을 뛰어넘는 성능을 입증했습니다.

네벤의 법칙을 입증하는 컴퓨팅 성능의 극적인 성장은 양자 컴퓨터가 두 배의 기하급수적인 속도로 성장할 것임을 보여줍니다.

Google은 10년이 끝나기 전에 로드맵을 완성할 수 있을 것으로 낙관하고 있으며, 보다 효과적인 의약품 설계를 위한 시스템 시뮬레이션, 첨단 배터리 개발, 핵융합로 설계를 통한 기후 변화 대응 지원과 같은 영향력 있는 애플리케이션에 집중하고 있습니다.

양자 컴퓨팅에서 새로운 최적화 알고리즘의 중요성

새로운 알고리즘은 엔지니어링, 금융, 머신 러닝 분야에서 중요한 최적화 속도를 크게 향상시킬 수 있습니다.

이러한 발전은 기본적인 계산 작업을 처리하는 데 있어 양자 컴퓨터의 중요성이 커지고 있으며, 잠재적으로 AI와 의식적 경험의 미래에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 강조합니다.

이 알고리즘의 잠재력은 인간의 의식 확장에 미치는 영향을 실험적으로 테스트하는 프로그램에서 탐구되고 있으며, 이는 양자 컴퓨팅의 미래 잠재력을 가리키고 있습니다.