평화를 만드는 총의 역할

네덜란드의 최고 군사령관은 총을 평화와 안정의 도구로 사용하여 민주주의 가치를 수호하고 취약 계층을 보호합니다.

### 평화와 안정을 만드는 데 있어 총기의 역할
* 🔫 연사는 낡은 총 때문에 독일군을 막을 수 없었던 뛰어난 명사수였던 아버지에 대한 개인적인 이야기를 들려주며 **총을 효과적으로 사용하는 것의 중요성**을 강조합니다.
* 🕊 연사는 **총이 악을 막고, 약자를 보호하고, 민주적 가치를 수호하고, 자유를 지키는 데 사용될 수 있다**고 믿습니다.
* 🌍 총과 관련된 부정적인 의미에도 불구하고 연사는 **총이 세계에서 가장 중요한 평화와 안정의 도구 중 하나**라고 주장합니다.
* 📉 통계에 따르면 지난 500년 동안 폭력이 크게 감소했으며, **덜 폭력적인 사회의 주요 원인 중 하나는 폭력의 합법적인 사용에 대한 국가 독점**입니다.
* 💼 군대는 **폭력에 대한 국가의 독점권**을 합법적인 방식으로 구현하여 전 세계적으로 전쟁, 분쟁, 폭력을 줄이는 데 기여합니다.
* 🌐 정당한 무력 사용 없이 실패한 국가는 혼란과 갈등을 초래할 수 있으므로 **입헌 국가와 법치주의의 개념을 전파하는 것**은 매우 중요합니다.
* 👏 연사는 평화와 안정을 유지하기 위해 열심히 일하고 **좋은 장비와 잘 훈련된 군인이 필요**한 군대의 노력에 대한 지원을 촉구합니다.

As the highest military commander
of the Netherlands, with troops stationed around the world, I'm really honored to be here today. When I look around
this TEDxAmsterdam venue, I see a very special audience. You are the reason why I said yes to the invitation to come here today. When I look around, I see people
who want to make a contribution. I see people who want
to make a better world, by doing groundbreaking scientific work, by creating impressive works of art, by writing critical articles,
or inspiring books, by starting up sustainable businesses. And you all have chosen
your own instruments to fulfill this mission
of creating a better world. Some chose the microscope
as their instrument. Others chose dancing or painting, or making music like we just heard. Some chose the pen. Others work through
the instrument of money. Ladies and gentlemen,
I made a different choice. Thanks. Ladies and gentlemen... (Laughter) (Applause)

I share your goals. I share the goals
of the speakers you heard before. I did not choose to take up the pen, the brush, the camera. I chose this instrument. I chose the gun. For you, and you heard already, being so close to this gun
may make you feel uneasy. It may even feel scary. A real gun at a few feet's distance. Let us stop for a moment
and feel this uneasiness. You could even hear it. Let us cherish the fact that probably most of you
have never been close to a gun. It means the Netherlands
is a peaceful country. The Netherlands is not at war. It means soldiers are not needed
to patrol our streets. Guns are not a part of our lives. In many countries,
it is a different story. In many countries,
people are confronted with guns. They are oppressed. They are intimidated -- by warlords, by terrorists, by criminals. Weapons can do a lot of harm.

They are the cause of much distress. Why then am I standing before you
with this weapon? Why did I choose the gun as my instrument? Today, I want to tell you why. Today, I want to tell you why I chose the gun
to create a better world. And I want to tell you
how this gun can help. My story starts in the city of Nijmegen in the east of the Netherlands, the city where I was born. My father was a hardworking baker, but when he had finished
work in the bakery, he often told me and my brother stories. And most of the time, he told me this story
I'm going to share with you now. The story of what happened when he was a conscripted soldier
in the Dutch armed forces at the beginning of the Second World War. The Nazis invaded the Netherlands. Their grim plans were evident. They meant to rule by means of repression. Diplomacy had failed to stop the Germans.

Only brute force remained. It was our last resort. My father was there to provide it. As the son of a farmer
who knew how to hunt, my father was an excellent marksman. When he aimed, he never missed. At this decisive moment in Dutch history, my father was positioned
on the bank of the river Waal near the city of Nijmegen. He had a clear shot at the German soldiers
who came to occupy a free country, his country, our country. He fired. Nothing happened. He fired again. No German soldier fell to the ground. My father had been given an old gun that could not even reach
the opposite riverbank. Hitler's troops marched on, and there was nothing
my father could do about it. Until the day my father died, he was frustrated
about missing these shots. He could have done something. But with an old gun, not even the best marksman
in the armed forces could have hit the mark.

So this story stayed with me. Then in high school, I was gripped by the stories
of the Allied soldiers -- soldiers who left the safety
of their own homes and risked their lives to liberate a country and a people that they didn't know. They liberated my birth town. It was then that I decided
I would take up the gun -- out of respect and gratitude
for those men and women who came to liberate us. From the awareness
that sometimes only the gun can stand between good and evil. And that is why I took up the gun -- not to shoot, not to kill, not to destroy, but to stop those who would do evil, to protect the vulnerable, to defend democratic values, to stand up for the freedom we have
to talk here today in Amsterdam about how we can
make the world a better place. Ladies and gentlemen, I do not stand here today
to tell you about the glory of weapons. I do not like guns.

And once you have been
under fire yourself, it brings home even more clearly that a gun is not
some macho instrument to brag about. I stand here today to tell you about the use of the gun
as an instrument of peace and stability. The gun may be one of the most important
instruments of peace and stability that we have in this world. Now this may sound contradictory to you. But not only have I seen with my own eyes during my deployments in Lebanon, Sarajevo, and as the Netherlands' Chief of Defence, this is also supported
by cold, hard statistics. Violence has declined dramatically
over the last 500 years. Despite the pictures
we are shown daily in the news, wars between developed countries
are no longer commonplace. The murder rate in Europe has dropped by a factor of 30
since the Middle Ages. And occurrences
of civil war and repression have declined since the end
of the Cold War. Statistics show that we are living
in a relatively peaceful era.

Why? Why has violence decreased? Has the human mind changed? Well, we were talking
about the human mind this morning. Did we simply lose
our beastly impulses for revenge, for violent rituals, for pure rage? Or is there something else? In his latest book,
Harvard professor Steven Pinker -- and many other thinkers before him -- concludes that one of the main drivers behind less violent societies is the spread of the constitutional state and the introduction, on a large scale, of the state monopoly
on the legitimized use of violence -- legitimized by a democratically
elected government, legitimized by checks and balances
and an independent judicial system. In other words, a state monopoly that has the use of violence
well under control. Such a state monopoly on violence,
first of all, serves as a reassurance. It removes the incentive for an arms race between potentially hostile groups
in our societies. Secondly, the presence of penalties that outweigh the benefits
of using violence

tips the balance even further. Abstaining from violence becomes more profitable
than starting a war. Now, nonviolence starts to work
like a flywheel. It enhances peace even further. Where there is no conflict,
trade flourishes. And trade is another important
incentive against violence. With trade, there's mutual interdependency
and mutual gain between parties. And when there is mutual gain,
both sides stand to lose more than they would gain
if they started a war. War is simply no longer the best option, and that is why violence has decreased. This, ladies and gentlemen, is the rationale behind the existence
of my armed forces. The armed forces implement
the state monopoly on violence. We do this in a legitimized way only after our democracy
has asked us to do so. It is this legitimate,
controlled use of the gun that has contributed greatly to reducing the statistics of war,
conflict, and violence around the globe. It is this participation
in peacekeeping missions

that has led to the resolution
of many civil wars. My soldiers use the gun
as an instrument of peace. And this is exactly
why failed states are so dangerous. Failed states have no legitimized,
democratically controlled use of force. Failed states do not know of the gun
as an instrument of peace and stability. That is why failed states can drag down
a whole region into chaos and conflict. That is why spreading the concept
of the constitutional state is such an important aspect
of our foreign missions. That is why we are trying
to build a judicial system right now in Afghanistan. That is why we train
police officers, we train judges, we train public prosecutors
around the world. And that is why -- and in the Netherlands,
we are very unique in that -- that is why the Dutch constitution states that one of the main tasks
of the armed forces is to uphold and promote
the international rule of law. Ladies and gentlemen, looking at this gun, we are confronted
with the ugly side of the human mind.

Every day, I hope that politicians, diplomats, and development workers can turn conflict into peace and threat into hope. And I hope that one day, armies can be disbanded, and humans will find a way of living together without violence and oppression. But until that day comes, we will have to make ideals and human failure meet somewhere in the middle. Until that day comes, I stand for my father who tried to shoot the Nazis with an old gun. I stand for my men and women who are prepared to risk their lives for a less violent world for all of us. I stand for this soldier who suffered partial hearing loss and sustained permanent injuries to her leg when she was hit by a rocket on a mission in Afghanistan. Ladies and gentlemen, until the day comes when we can do away with the gun, I hope we all agree that peace and stability do not come free of charge. It takes hard work, often behind the scenes.

It takes good equipment and well-trained, dedicated soldiers. I hope you will support the efforts of our armed forces to train soldiers like this young captain and provide her with a good gun, instead of the bad gun my father was given. I hope you will support our soldiers when they are out there, when they come home, and when they are injured and need our care. They put their lives on the line for us, for you, and we cannot let them down. I hope you will respect my soldiers, this soldier with this gun, because she wants a better world, because she makes an active contribution to a better world, just like all of us here today. Thank you very much. (Applause)

Peter van Uhm: Why I chose a gun

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연사의 파격적인 선택: 더 나은 세상을 만들기 위한 총기 사용

연사는 총기에 대한 불안감을 인정하지만 많은 나라에서 총은 피해와 고통을 야기하는 가혹한 현실이라고 설명합니다.

그는 2차 세계대전에 참전한 아버지의 경험이 더 나은 세상을 만들기 위한 도구로 총을 선택하기로 한 결정에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지 개인적인 이야기를 공유합니다.

연사는 자신의 관점에서 총이 어떻게 전쟁, 테러, 범죄로 억압받는 사람들을 돕고 긍정적인 변화를 가져오는 데 사용될 수 있는지 설명합니다.

총의 힘: 해방과 보호의 이야기

한 농부의 아들은 독일이 네덜란드를 점령하던 시절 총을 사용하려다 실패한 아버지의 모습에서 영감을 받습니다.

그는 자신이 태어난 마을을 해방시킨 연합군 병사들로부터 영감을 받아 살인이 아닌 민주주의 가치를 지키고 수호하기 위해 총을 들기로 결심합니다.

그의 결정은 총이 악에 맞서 자유와 정의를 위해 싸우는 도구가 될 수 있다는 믿음에 따른 것입니다.

연사는 파병 중 총기를 평화와 안정을 위한 도구로 본 직접적인 경험을 공유합니다.

냉정한 통계와 하버드대 스티븐 핑커 교수의 연구는 폭력의 국가 독점 체제에서 총기 사용이 지난 500년 동안 폭력의 극적인 감소에 기여했다는 생각을 뒷받침합니다.

합법적인 폭력 사용에 대한 국가의 독점권은 폭력을 억제하는 역할을 하며 폭력 사용의 이점을 상쇄하는 데 도움이 됩니다.

평화 증진을 위한 비폭력의 역할

비폭력은 전쟁을 시작하는 것보다 평화를 유지하는 데 더 이익이 되고 효과적입니다.

당사자 간의 무역과 상호 이익은 비폭력을 더욱 장려하고 분쟁의 확산을 줄였습니다.

평화의 도구로서 군대의 합법적이고 통제된 무력 사용은 전 세계적으로 전쟁과 폭력을 줄이는 데 크게 기여했습니다.

연사는 분쟁과 폭력이 없는 세상에 대한 희망을 표현하는 동시에 현재 군사 개입의 필요성을 인정합니다.

군인들의 희생과 부상에 대한 개인적인 이야기를 공유하며 군대 지원의 중요성을 강조합니다.

연사는 더 나은 평화로운 세상을 만들기 위해 목숨을 걸고 헌신하는 군인들에 대한 존경과 지지를 호소합니다.