### 나이로비 국립 박물관: 화석 보존의 긴급한 필요성

### 긴급한 보존: 위험에 처한 나이로비 국립 박물관의 화석 컬렉션
* 나이로비 국립 박물관에는 인류 진화를 이해하는 데 필수적인 **투르카나 소년과 같은 중요한 화석과 표본**을 비롯한 귀중한 화석과 표본 컬렉션이 전시되어 있습니다.
* 💔 세계적으로 중요한 박물관임에도 불구하고 **약 1,000만 점의 표본**을 소장하고 있는 이 박물관은 수년간의 불충분한 자금과 자원으로 인해 기록물 분실과 파손으로 인해 상태가 악화되고 있습니다.
* 🛠 최근 박물관의 부패 스캔들로 인해 **중요한 소장품의 복원 및 보존에 필요한 자금**을 확보하려는 노력이 더욱 복잡해졌습니다.
* 🔒 투르카나 소년이 보관되어 있는 호미니드 금고는 **과밀하고 안전하지 않은 보관 관행**으로 어려움을 겪고 있는 다른 박물관보다 더 나은 조건을 갖추고 있습니다.
* 📜 수기 카드를 기반으로 하는 구식 기록 보관 시스템은 상당한 위험을 내포하고 있습니다. 이 카드를 잃어버리면 **화석의 중요한 맥락이 사라져 의미가 없어지기 때문**입니다.
* 💰 이 박물관은 티켓 판매에 크게 의존하고 있으며 **연간 약 3억 케냐 실링(230만 달러)의 수입**을 예상하고 있지만, 운영 및 보존에 필요한 금액으로는 충분하지 않습니다.
* 🌍 스미소니언과의 협업을 통해 기록을 디지털화하고 보관 시설을 현대화할 계획이지만, 이 중요한 컬렉션의 미래를 보장하기 위해서는 여전히 **수백만 장의 자료**가 필요합니다.
* 🚨 상황의 긴급성은 케냐와 아프리카에 필수적일 뿐만 아니라 **전 세계에 중요한 가치를 지닌 이 독특한 표본을 보호하기 위한 즉각적인 투자**를 요구합니다.

나이로비 국립박물관의 귀중한 화석 컬렉션은 인류의 중요한 유산을 보존하기 위해 긴급히 자금 지원과 현대화가 필요합니다.

Tucked within the dusty back rooms of the Nairobi National Museum are million-year-old fossils, an unparalleled collection of insects, tens of thousands of bones, and a fossilized skeleton crucial to our understanding of humanity. It is one of the most important biodiversity resources in Africa and

because of that, it's also of global importance. Despite its significance, the Nairobi National Museum's roughly 10 million specimens are at risk. Years of limited resources and a severe lack of funding have left this priceless repository of the past in a state of

dilapidation and decay. You've got labels that are sort of lying loose. You've got bits and pieces that are in bags. Things are getting lost, records are getting lost, so it is in real urgent need of attention. Seeing these various corrections on the floor, this is one of the

areas that cause us a lot of anxiety. Making matters worse, the museum was recently engulfed in a corruption scandal, further undermining the museum's efforts to procure funding. Now, an international coalition of scientists is racing to save the museum and secure the millions needed to overhaul it. Their

goal is to restore the institution and its collection to a state more befitting its immense importance to humanity. Tom Makuya is the collections manager of the Nairobi National Museum's Hominid Vault. Stored here is the museum's most famous fossil, the Turkana Boy, which is one of the

most complete Homo erectus skeletons known to science. Most museum visitors only see a replica of this fossil in the museum's exhibition space, but we were granted a rare opportunity, a peek at the original fossil. This is the full skeleton of Turkana

Boy, this is the cranium, the spine, the legs, right ribs, the left ribs, the hands and up. Pick fossils housed in the vault, enjoy luxuries unavailable to the rest of the Museum's collection. The vault is bombproof, air conditioned, and carpeted. It's Kenya's most prized uh fossil. It's

like the crown jewel of the paleontological collections. Paleontologist Louise Leakey is the director of public education and Outreach at the Turkana Basin Institute. The significance of the Turkana Boy is largely that it's so complete despite being approximately

1.5 million years old. The Turkana Boy fossil is only missing a humorous, hands, and feet. The Turkana Boy's remains were discovered in Northern Kenya in 1984 by a team led by the scientist Richard Leakey, Louise's

father. The storage standards of the hominid Vault contrast sharply with the rest of the Museum's back rooms, which tend to be decades out of date and severely underresourced. You know, look, look at this. This is very precarious, right? Sitting on a bit of foam and it

wobbles. So that could very easily get knocked off and it's an early, very early elephant. This thing should be much safer and the broken bits that have come off it, they need to be stuck back on again because otherwise it's going to get lost.

One of the Museum's biggest challenges is a lack of space. Some of the largest and most impressive fossils are housed in dusty corners on crumbling mattresses or in locations that seem to invite an accident. These are a couple of elephant tusks in here. This one's obviously the

The tip's been broken, it's fallen off, but you know these are not very easy to move. So if you want to get these out, you can't get them out in these stacks. They're on foam that's perishing, um, they're breaking because the glue is

aged. We need a different way to store these collections as soon as possible. On the paleontology floor, uncounted thousands of fossils, some as old as 3 million years, are kept in decrepit and ramshackle conditions, not befitting the collection's importance to science in

any one tray there's, you know, 100-odd specimens, and you can't see those specimens unless you leaf through them to find the number and the card. So it's quite hard to find anything in this collection as well. Another problem is the collection's antiquated record system

which is still based on handwritten note cards. These cards are unique, there are no more of them. If you pull out a card, it will tell you where it is stored in the lab. So if we were to have a fire and we were to lose these cards, we would

lose all context. We, we wouldn't know where anything was or where it came from. So in some ways, this information is as important as the collection, the fossils themselves, because a fossil without context has no relevance, it has no meaning. My hands are absolutely filthy

because of the dust. There, these bags are falling apart, just literally perished right, and all of these pieces are then going to get mixed up with everything else in this bag, and you're going to lose the labels and the writing on the outside is disappearing as well.

So it's not not great. The Leakey's are perhaps the world's most renowned family of paleontology. Fossil excavations done by Louis's grandfather, Lewis; grandmother, Mary; father, Richard; and mother, Meave, have redefined humanity's understanding of early humans. Until the 1950s, scientists

believed that Homo sapiens evolved in Europe or Asia about 60,000 years ago. But thanks to the Leakey's, we now know that Homo sapiens actually emerged from Africa much earlier, about 200,000 years ago. It's very frustrating to see the

collections in this state because they they just haven't had any investment. The Kenyan government only funds staff salaries at the museum. This is partially because Kenya is facing a financial crisis of its own. This summer, violent protests gripped the country after the government

proposed unpopular tax increases. The museum's operating revenue comes mainly from ticket sales. The museum said it expects to take in about 300 million Kenyan shillings, or $2.3 million annually, from ticket sales. That the museum functions at all is

largely thanks to its dedicated staff. I mean, the staff in the department here working really hard to create the labels, the accession cards, um, and do as best they can with the resources that they've got to keep this collection safe. It's because they care that this thing

continues. 'Cuz there's some very good Kenyan, lots of potential, lots of amazing young scientists that are upcoming. This could be an extraordinary collection if it had the financial backing to upgrade it. Many of the fossils housed in the museum were found 400 miles north of

Nairobi in Kenya's Lake Turkana Region. Lake Turkana is the world's best field laboratory for the story of human ancestors. There's nowhere else like it in the world today. Louise and her 13-person team are doing what the Leakey's have done for

decades, fossil hunting. There's nowhere else quite like this, both in terms of its scale, its size, and the depth of time that's preserved here. That is so easy to date using sort of the geological ash horizons which give you very accurate dates extending from

northern Kenya into Southern Ethiopia. Lake Turkana is the largest permanent desert lake in the world, stretching almost 150 miles from north to south, surrounded by arid, harsh terrain. The lake is known for its high winds and high temperatures, so it's not a job for

an impatient person at all, but it is a job that requires teamwork and perseverance. We can go for months and not find any human ancestral remains, and when you do find a little piece of a hominin, you know it's the very first time anybody's ever seen that particular

piece. Joining Louise on today's fossil hunt is Nairobi National Museum's Director General, Mary Gungu. I think that's a bit of a tool. You see how it's been worked. Oh my God, this place is so rich. This is the way we found all those

fossils like the Turkana Boy and things that are in the vault in the museum. What you got? Let's see what you have here. Wow, so could it be what? One horn? Yeah, it's beautiful. As we know that we need to make more space in the museum.

cuz you can see there's so much fossil out here yeah and every year we have teams of people looking and finding more fossils so where are we going to put it all I agree with you that there is a need for expansion of our correction centers

because right now they are these collections many of them you can't find in the wild anymore they're gone these may be the only examples of certain things that are left the Nairobi national museum is perhaps best known for its fossil mammals but it also boasts impressive collections of insects bones

amphibians and fish whereas the greatest challenge facing the fossils is storage the insect collection is most threatened by the possibility of fire entomologist Dino Martins is exploring the back room of the Museum's vast insect collection one of the amazing things about these

collections is that I can come here and look at them today specimens that were collected almost 100 years ago and I can learn from them I can put them away and a 100 years from today somebody else can come and look at them and learn

something different and move knowledge forward and this is why Museum Natural History collections is so important all right sleep nicely butterflies I spend a lot of time at the national museum of Kenya because it is such an important resource for understanding in my case insects Scott

Miller is a senior research entomologist at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History there we go preserving Museum collections anywhere in the world is a challenge because there are many things that degrade collections over time in the case of biological specimens such as we have here they can be put at

risk by a catastrophic event like a fire or a flood, but they can also be put at risk by much more insidious and sort of harder to observe events, um, whether that be uh insect pests eating them or fungus degrading them or light degrading

their color and patterns. Catastrophic events at natural history museums are not without precedent. In 2018, Brazil's National Museum went up in flames, destroying the majority of its 20 million specimens. The Nairobi National Museum struggles with the lack of resources and

funding, are a common story for many museums around the world. In February, Duke University announced it would be closing its herbarium, which is home to a collection of over 800,000 plant specimens. University officials said they could no longer afford to maintain a

facility that is one of the largest herbariums in the US. In 2000, Princeton University shuttered its natural history museum, replacing it with an environmental institute. Kungu is tasked with leading the Nairobi Museum's turnaround. We are planning to come up with a a bigger

collection center whereby in that center we would have enough space even for more corrections because in this country a lot has not been corrected. Kungu assumed the leadership position last year after her predecessor, Maeland Kabuna, was charged with allegedly masterminding a

scheme to steal $4 million from the museum's coffers by filling its staff with more than 100 ghost workers. So the former National Museum's director, Galo Kibunja, will spend the night in custody. Kaba's attorney said that the case

against his client is politically motivated. Kabuna pleaded not guilty to the charges. Corruption concerns have cast a long shadow over the museum, which is why the US was reluctant to give money directly to it. In May, President Biden hosted Kenyan President William Ruto for a state visit at the White

House. During that visit, the Biden Administration announced it would fund an initiative to send Smithsonian experts to Nairobi to assess the museum's needs and plan a roadmap to reform, which would likely include digitizing records and modernizing storage facilities. Part of the

Smithsonian role is trying to ensure the health and success of sister museums around the world. Partnering with Smithsonian, the areas of digitization, collection management, and preservation are some of the areas that we are going to work closely together. The Smithsonian is expected to begin its

assessment in the coming months. Once that is complete, the team of scientists will then need to find the millions of dollars required to save the collection before it's too late. So there's a lot of investment that needs to go into upgrading the storage of these

collections that are important, important not only for Kenya, not only for Africa, but for the world. They're not housed anywhere else. Kenya insists that these collections be housed in the country in which they were found, and so we need to make sure that we are keeping them safe

Why a Museum Housing Some of Humanity's Oldest Bones Is in Peril | WSJ

The Wall Street Journal takes you inside carefully selected stories and events in a visually captivating way so you can dig deeper into the news and insights that matter to you. 

The Wall Street Journal

Nairobi National Museum's Priceless Collection at Risk

The museum houses million-year-old fossils, insects, bones, and a crucial fossilized skeleton.

Limited resources and lack of funding have caused dilapidation and decay.

Labels, specimens, and records are getting lost due to poor conditions.

A corruption scandal further hinders funding efforts.

An international coalition aims to restore the museum and secure funding.

The Turkana Boy Fossil and the Hominid Vault

The Turkana Boy, a nearly complete Homo erectus skeleton, is the museum's most famous fossil.

Its completeness despite its age (1.5 million years) is significant.

Discovered in 1984 by Richard Leakey's team.

The vault's storage contrasts sharply with the rest of the museum's poor conditions.

Lack of space and improper storage of large fossils.

Thousands of fossils are kept in decrepit conditions.

Antiquated record system based on handwritten cards threatens context loss.

Deteriorating storage bags risk mixing and losing specimens and labels.

The Leakey Family's Legacy and the Museum's Funding Crisis

The Leakey family's discoveries redefined understanding of early human evolution.

The Kenyan government only funds staff salaries due to its own financial crisis.

Museum's operating revenue relies heavily on ticket sales.

Dedicated staff work hard despite limited resources.

Lake Turkana Region and Ongoing Fossil Hunting

Many fossils originate from Lake Turkana, a significant field laboratory.

Louise Leakey and her team continue fossil hunting in the region.

Lake Turkana's geological features aid in accurate fossil dating.

The harsh conditions of Lake Turkana demand teamwork and perseverance.

Discovery of new fossils highlights the need for more space in the museum.

Museum Collections Beyond Fossils and the Threat of Disaster

The museum also houses impressive collections of insects, bones, amphibians, and fish.

The insect collection is threatened by the risk of fire.

Preserving museum collections is a global challenge due to various degradation factors.

The risk of catastrophic events and lack of resources are common issues for museums worldwide.

Museum Turnaround and Smithsonian Collaboration

Plans for a larger collection center to accommodate more specimens.

The previous director was charged with corruption.

US funding for Smithsonian experts to assess and plan the museum's reform.

Collaboration with the Smithsonian will focus on digitization, collection management, and preservation.

Millions of dollars are needed to save the collection.