몽골의 중국으로부터의 분리 독립

몽골은 주변 국가로부터 분리되어 통치 스타일이 대조적이었고, 외교적 갈등과 외국의 영향에도 불구하고 1911년 결국 독립을 이루었습니다.

### 몽골 독립의 복잡한 역사
* 🇲🇳 몽골이 중국으로부터 분리된 것은 **13세기 중반 원나라의 멸망과 청나라의 등장**으로 시작되었습니다.
* 👑 청나라가 **외몽골을 통치**한 반면 내몽골은 **중국의 직접적인 지배**하에 있었습니다.
* 💰 경제적 어려움과 청나라 정부에 대한 분노는 **20세기 초 몽골의 독립운동**을 촉진했습니다.
* 🤝 몽골은 **1911년 독립**을 선언했지만 중국과 러시아 양국의 외교적 도전에 직면했습니다.
* 🛡 1912~1913년의 몽골 해방 전쟁으로 인해 **외몽골은 중국 내 자치구**가 되었습니다.
* 🇷🇺 몽골은 볼셰비키 혁명 이후 소련의 영향력 아래 놓이게 되었고, **1924년 사회주의 국가가 수립**되었습니다.
* 🗺 외몽골과 내몽골의 분단은 **1945년 외몽골이 소련-러시아 동맹을 통해 독립**하면서 굳어졌습니다.
* 🌍 오늘날 몽골은 **독립 국가**로 남아 있지만 내몽골은 **중국의 자치구**입니다.

When looking at a world map and seeing that Mongolia and a part of China are separate entities, one might wonder about the relationship between these two countries. Even just by looking at the surrounding countries, one can roughly guess what might have happened in Mongolia. It is likely that your assumptions would be correct. In this video, we will quickly explain the process of Mongolia's separation from the surrounding countries. In the mid-13th century, Mongolia, which was considered the Hell on Earth due to its fierce conquests across Asia and parts of Eastern Europe, split into four nations. Among them, the Yuan Dynasty, which ruled over the entire Chinese mainland, was overthrown by the emergence of a new ethnic Han Chinese state in 1368. The remnants of the Yuan Dynasty were eradicated and the surviving forces moved northward.

Pushing for special deals was a part of it. Yugeon persisted through the late 17th century, repeating the cycle of conflict and unification until this area first came under the Qing Dynasty in the Mongolian region in 1636. Subsequently, Outer Mongolia, three parts of Mongolia, was continuously under Qing rule. Eventually, in 1791, Ma Bong and Cheonghae also came under Qing control. Meanwhile, during the time when the Qing Dynasty was vigorously promoting Inner Mongolia, another Mongolian remnant force in the western part of the current Xinjiang region established the Garet Khanate, continuing the lineage. However, the Garet Khanate was eventually divided in the 18th century, and in 1755, part of it rebelled and was invaded by the Qing army, leading to its ultimate demise. The New Qing authorities ruthlessly carried out massacres as a form of retaliation for the increase in resistance, leading to the brutal slaughter of about 80% of the population.

It is said that they were exterminated by slaughter and disease, avoiding this moment almost entirely. Now, Mongolia is practically divided into two regions, southern Mongolia and northern Mongolia, based on the Gobi Desert. At that time, due to geographical differences, these two Mongolias began to show contrasting ruling styles. Southern Mongolia, closer to Beijing, came under direct rule by the Qing central government, while northern Mongolia, relatively far away, could maintain more autonomy. The Mongols in the northern region were able to preserve their identity within their harsh territory, as they continued to migrate to avoid drought and famine. This allowed them to assimilate more rapidly into the Qing rule. However, being further away in the east, Mongolia could maintain more independence compared to southern Mongolia. They continued to uphold the Mongolian identity within their rugged territory. In 1850, the incident that dragged the Qing dynasty into a quagmire of civil war happened.

An era of peace that lasted for about 14 years has ended. Although I successfully suppressed most of the rebellious forces that arose during the rebellion with Taepyeongcheon-guk at my fingertips, the victory in the civil war was nothing but wounds. The all-out battle in the Yangyi Army and the massive death toll of up to 30 million due to the epidemic and famine resulted in a significant loss to the national power of Qing. The costs incurred in the Dalan region for tax cuts and war suppression spread the burden to the Qing citizens. Especially, by tradition, the livestock tribute was to be paid in silver, but due to the shortage of silver, instead of providing wider cattle, they had to pay the silver as taxes. During this period, local merchants started lending significant amounts of silver to the Mongolians at high interest rates. Eventually, unable to properly repay the livestock tribute and loans, the merchants ended up handing over cattle to the Mongolians.

I had no choice but to hand over a bunch, and this kind of trade continued to lead to a sharp decline in Mongolian livestock. In addition, Mongolia continued to decline until the early 20th century, suffering a huge blow to its livelihood. As a result, the resentment and sense of independence towards Korea within Mongolia deepened day by day. Furthermore, in the early 20th century, the Qing authorities, by abolishing the autonomy of Mongolia, further fueled the anger of the Mongolian residents. Thus, at that time, Mongolia, which was predominantly Buddhist, prepared to resist Qing rule, focusing on the establishment of Mongolian independence around the time of the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, led by the Buddhist monks and the nobles, and continued to raise the banner against the Qing dynasty.

From the summer, aiming for the time of independence declaration, the wider scope of the law on the formation of a government could not miss such an opportunity. Eventually, on December 29, 1911, Outer Mongolia, taking advantage of the confusion caused by the revolution on the continent, established itself as an independent country. The cautious elements of the government thought that it was necessary to quickly seek foreign assistance before it became impossible to suppress the chaos. Therefore, they began to establish continuous contact, especially with the most neighboring Russian Empire, in order to integrate up to the point of absorbing an independent recognition. However, at that time, the Russian Empire had ambitions to dominate all the countries in South Central Asia. Consequently, the Mongolian declaration of independence could be an obstacle to Russia's goals. If Mongolia's independence succeeds, it could have a significant impact on several minority ethnic groups in Central Asia.

There was nothing that could stimulate, but on the other hand, Russia believed that an independent force in Mongolia could serve as a buffer between China and Russia. As a result, Russia continued to struggle between Mongolia's independence and China's side, ultimately deciding that while Mongolia is not an independent country, it should be maintained in a high form that is not influenced by China. Mongolia's existence within China not only did not greatly stimulate other ethnic groups but also served as a buffer zone between Russia and China, allowing Russia to maintain Mongolia in a form that could indeed catch both rabbits, so to speak. Therefore, Russia embraced such proposals from both Mongolia and the Chinese government. However, naturally, the two sides were

I couldn't agree to proposals like Russia's dog disease. From Mongolia's perspective, not only did they reluctantly return to the rule of the Qing Dynasty, but they also pressured to give up the unification of Inner Mongolia. From China's point of view, they could only see Russia interfering in their internal affairs as they pleased. In the midst of the ongoing diplomatic conflicts between Russia, China, and Mongolia, another faction was preparing for independence from China. It was the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which had been directly ruled by the Qing Dynasty. Even though your Mongolian people had been under direct rule of the Qing Dynasty, they felt a strong ethnic affinity with Mongolia, leading to a mostly favorable sentiment towards the unique country. However, the authorities of the Republic of China at that time felt various concerns about the paths of Inner Mongolia.

Persuasion, preferential policies, and threats were employed, gradually swaying the opinions of the factions in Inner Mongolia Fourth Division that were watching for independence towards China. The unique song leadership felt a serious sense of crisis in this divisive situation and ultimately concluded that in order to achieve Mongolian unity, they had no choice but to face a direct conflict with Central America. As a result, discussions continued, leading to the signing of a treaty regarding Mongolia's autonomy around November 1912. In this treaty, the powerful nations agreed to use the term Mongolia instead of Le Mongolia for their influence, which was seen as Russia acknowledging the possibility of Mongolian unification. Therefore, in February 1913, they initiated the Mongolian Liberation War with Central America.

Posting. Despite the absolute disadvantage in weapons and supplies, the Grain Army continued to prevail in several battles during the early stages of the war and maintained the momentum. Even within Inner Mongolia, where the war had already begun, the public opinion tended to lean towards the unique nation's ethnic integration rather than Korea. However, in response to the fierce momentum of these animals, the U.S. government was also fiercely retaliating. If China were to hand over Inner Mongolia in the face of declaring independence, it would inevitably suffer a serious decline in its capabilities. As a result, the war was intensifying to the point where it could rival the momentum of the Mongolian army. Eventually, during the war process, the unique country faced issues from the beginning, gradually falling behind due to various problems and shortages, and eventually began handing over the occupied territories of Inner Mongolia in October 1913.

In this rapidly shifting situation, Russia, which had been observing all the proceedings closely, contacted the Republic of China, which was assured of victory. On November 5, 1913, Russia announced the Hejong Special Resolution. In the main event, Russia decided to intensify Mongolia's status to an autonomous region of China, thereby officially confirming the separation. They also reverted the name of Mongolia, which was recognized during the 1912 treaty, back to Outer Mongolia, making the integration with Inner Mongolia completely impossible. Moreover, the four Mongolian regions that had become vassals were declared as official battlefields between the two countries, effectively ending the post-war national unification movement. Subsequently, Outer Mongolia, China, and Russia proceeded to address the issue of independence and autonomy through trilateral talks.

In June 1915, although it was not officially recognized as an independent country by the international community, Mongolia reached an agreement to remain virtually independent within China. New Russia provided a proper buffer against China and ensured the autonomy of the Mongolian Air Force. This way, although Mongolia was not an independent country, it could maintain a high degree of autonomy with the support of Russia. However, in 1917, the Bolshevik Revolution took place in Russia. From this point on, I will focus on the key points of the revolution and skip the details about the Mongolian situation, which developed rapidly. After the revolution, Russia was engulfed in a fierce civil war between communist forces and monarchist factions, causing chaos. Mongolia, which was under the influence of Russia at the time, could not miss out on such a golden opportunity. Therefore, in 1919, they immediately led their army into independence. In a short period, they took control of the entire region.

The U.S. authorities deprived them of their autonomy and continued massive oppression. However, starting from the 1920 exam, this time, led by the openly revealed Sternberg, the Russian White Army forces retreated to Mongolia, defeated the Chinese army, and carried out a total of 15 unique until the 6th time. Receiving the sudden help of these unexpected allies, on March 13, 1921, Mongolia was able to declare independence. However, just 5 months later, in this newly independent Mongolia, another invasion by different forces began, namely, the Mongolian People's Party, a revolutionary force, and the Japanese imperialists. The openly revealed Sternberg report forces were driven out of Mongolia due to the new communist force, and Mongolia established a new regime under the leadership of the Mongolian People's Party.

The unique figure who served as a mental support in the pictures became the national fishmonger, and after the unique died in 1924, the tools were sold. On November 26, 1924, Mongolia, which officially became a socialist state, was able to establish a republic. Meanwhile, while Mongolia entered the Soviet sphere of influence, it continued to be under the rule of the Korean government. Then, in 1530, until the end of World War II, it fell under the rule of Manchukuo, a puppet state of Japan. Thus, Outer Mongolia and Inner Mongolia continued to make separate histories, and this division was fully formalized when on August 14, 1945, Mongolia was given independence through the alliance of the Soviet Union and the Republic of China. In this context, why Mongolia officially gained independence through a referendum.

Having acknowledged and dominated by the treatment, the four Mongols remained under the rule of the Republic of China. Upon coming to the New Middle School, he established an industry that ultimately did not use the land and entered the hands of the Chinese Communist Party in Inner Mongolia. They have been under the rule of the Soviet Union for decades, but finally welcomed independence in 1990, as they faced collapse. Even now, as shown in the table presented for a long time, there are significant cultural and economic differences between the water and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The appearance of Mongolia today, divided between major powers, may seem very unfamiliar from the perspective of Korea, but it seems inevitable. We will end the video here. This concludes Part 1 of the stock. Thank you.

내몽골은 왜 중국 땅이 된 걸까?

국제정치와 사상 그리고 역사에 관심 있으신 분들 모두 모이세요 /^0^/

문의: migmigkhh2@gmail.com


지식한잔

몽골은 1368년 원나라에서 분리 독립하면서 이 지역의 지배 세력이 달라졌습니다.

그 후 1636년 청나라가 외몽골을 장악했고, 신장 지역 서쪽에는 가렛 칸국이 등장했습니다.

청나라의 잔인한 보복과 지리적 차이로 인해 몽골 남부와 북부의 통치 스타일은 대조적이었고, 결국 북부의 자치권이 더 많이 유지되었습니다.

청나라의 몰락과 외몽골의 독립

내전, 전염병, 기근으로 인해 청나라가 막대한 국력 손실에 직면하면서 14년간의 평화 시대가 막을 내렸고, 이는 국민들의 부담으로 이어졌습니다.

몽골의 쇠퇴는 청나라 당국의 조치로 인해 더욱 가속화되었고, 이에 대한 분노와 독립에 대한 열망이 고조되었습니다.

외몽골은 1911년 신해혁명의 기회를 포착하여 독립을 선언했고, 특히 러시아 제국을 중심으로 외국의 지원을 요청하게 됩니다.

그러나 몽골의 독립은 중앙아시아 남부를 지배하려는 러시아의 야망에 위협이 되었고, 다양한 소수 민족에게 영향을 미쳤습니다.

러시아는 몽골을 중국에 대한 완충지대로 여겼고, 몽골의 독립과 중국의 영향력 사이에서 갈등을 겪었습니다.

내몽고 자치구는 압력과 위협에 직면했지만 중국으로부터 독립을 추구했습니다.

이 갈등은 결국 1913년 몽골의 자치권을 위한 조약 체결과 몽골 해방 전쟁의 발발로 이어졌습니다.

곡물군은 불리한 상황에서도 초기 전투에서 승리를 거두며 내몽골에서 대중의 지지를 얻었습니다.

중국이 러시아에 영토를 넘겨주기 시작하면서 전쟁은 격화되었고, 몽골의 자치령으로 이어졌습니다.

러시아의 지원으로 몽골은 사실상 독립을 유지할 수 있었고, 볼셰비키 혁명은 1919년 몽골이 완전한 독립을 이룰 수 있는 기회를 제공했습니다.

몽골은 여러 차례의 침략과 권력 투쟁을 겪었고, 1924년 마침내 사회주의 국가를 수립하기까지 일련의 정권 교체가 이어졌습니다.

이후 만주국의 통치를 받다가 1945년 소련과 중화민국의 동맹을 통해 독립을 얻었습니다.

몽골의 공식적인 독립은 국민투표를 통해 확정되었지만 외부 세력의 영향을 계속 받아 결국 1990년에 완전한 독립을 이루었습니다.