(inspiring music)
(waves rolling) - [Narrator] The systems behind our universe are quantum mechanical. They shift and change with the problems they're tasked to solve, exploring a vast array of options all at once. And like nature, quantum computing is responsive

to the environments it works within, leading us to new breakthroughs for tomorrow's most challenging problems. Introducing our latest quantum computing chip, developed to learn and evolve like the natural world around us: Willow from Google Quantum AI.

- Hi, I'm Julian Kelly, Director of Hardware at Google Quantum AI. And today, on behalf of our amazing team, I'm proud to announce Willow. Willow is Google's newest and most powerful superconducting quantum computing chip,

and the next step in our path towards building large-scale quantum computers and exploring their applications. I have been fascinated with quantum computing since I first experimented with qubits in 2008. And since coming to Google in 2015,

it has been a dream to make our mission a reality: building quantum computers for otherwise unsolvable problems. We launched our first chip, Foxtail, in 2017, followed by Bristlecone in 2018 and Sycamore in 2019,

which powered our milestone achievement—the first quantum computer to surpass the best classical supercomputer on a computational task, random circuit sampling. Over the years with Sycamore, we have been able to squeeze a remarkable amount of performance from our hardware,

Including achieving a scalable logical qubit in our milestone two. But we've ultimately been limited by quantum coherence times, the length of time qubits maintain their intended state. With Willow, we've made a huge step forward.

We've increased quantum coherence times by a factor of 5, going from 20 microseconds in Sycamore to 100 microseconds in Willow, and we've accomplished this without sacrificing any of the features that made our systems so successful. This advancement was enabled

by our new dedicated superconducting quantum chip fabrication facility in Santa Barbara, one of only a few in the world. And we're seeing exciting developments coming from Willow, which has already surpassed Sycamore's breakthrough demonstrations.

Our logical qubits now operate below the critical quantum error correction threshold, a long-sought-after goal for the quantum computing field since the theory was discovered in the 90s, and we've achieved it for the first time with Willow.

Errors are exponentially suppressed in our logical qubits as error rates are halved each time we add physical qubits and scale from distance-3 to distance-5 to distance-7 surface codes. Additionally, our logical qubit lifetimes are now much longer than all of the lifetimes

of the physical qubits that compose them. This means that even as we make our quantum chips larger and more complex by adding more qubits, we can use quantum error correction to actually improve their accuracy. We've pitted Willow against one of the world's most powerful supercomputers

with the random circuit sampling benchmark. The results are pretty surprising. By our best estimates, a calculation that takes Willow under 5 minutes would take the fastest supercomputer 10 to the 25th power years. That's a 1 with 25 zeros following it,

or a timescale way longer than the age of the universe. This result highlights the exponentially growing gap between classical and quantum computation for certain applications. Let's talk about the hardware approach we've pioneered at Google Quantum AI that makes these things possible.

Our tunable qubits and couplers enable super-fast gates and operations to achieve low error rates, reconfigurability to optimize hardware in situ and run multiple applications, and high connectivity to efficiently express algorithms. We leverage this tunability to enable reproducible high performance across the device.

Let me explain. A challenge in superconducting qubits is that not all of them are created equal. Some are outliers with uncharacteristically high errors, but here's where our tunable qubits really shine. We're able to fix these outlier qubits

by reconfiguring them to perform in line with the rest of the device. And we can go one step further by having our researchers use tunability to continuously develop new calibration strategies that push errors down across all qubits with software. Let's quantify this and nerd out for a minute

on quantum computer specs. We have number of qubits. Connectivity is the average number of interactions each qubit can perform with its neighbors. We quantify error probabilities for running simultaneous operations: single-qubit gates, two-qubit gates, and measurement.

Coherence time measures how long each qubit can retain its information. Measurement rate is how many computations we can run per second. Application performance is a full system benchmark. Willow hits a sweet spot across the full list.

It has a large number of qubits with high connectivity and can run diverse applications. We measure low mean error rates across all operations with multiple native two-qubit gates. We have greatly increased T1 times; we have very high measurement rates,

and Willow is below the error correction threshold and performs random circuit sampling far beyond what is possible with classical computers. Looking to the future with Willow, we continue our journey towards building large-scale and useful error-corrected quantum computers

that will push the boundaries of science and the exploration of nature. With future commercially useful applications in areas like pharmaceuticals, batteries, and fusion power, we are excited to solve the otherwise unsolvable problems of tomorrow. (inspiring music)

Meet Willow, our state-of-the-art quantum chip

Google Quantum AI

양자 컴퓨팅은 환경에 반응하여 획기적인 발전을 이끌어냅니다.

Google의 새로운 양자 컴퓨팅 칩인 Willow를 소개합니다.

줄리안 켈리는 Willow를 구글의 가장 강력한 초전도 양자 컴퓨팅 칩이라고 소개합니다.

폭스테일, 브리슬콘, 시카모어를 시작으로 양자 컴퓨팅에 대한 Google의 여정에 대해 논의합니다.

양자 일관성 및 오류 수정에 대한 윌로우의 발전

윌로우는 시카모어에 비해 양자 일관성 시간이 5배 증가합니다.

Willow는 시카모어의 시연을 뛰어넘어 양자 오류 수정이라는 오랜 목표를 달성했습니다.

논리적 큐비트는 임계 양자 오류 수정 임계값 이하에서 작동합니다.

논리적 큐비트에서 오류는 기하급수적으로 억제됩니다.

Willow는 무작위 회로 샘플링에서 세계에서 가장 강력한 슈퍼컴퓨터보다 뛰어난 성능을 발휘합니다.

하드웨어 접근 방식 및 기술 사양

조정 가능한 큐비트와 커플러는 초고속 게이트, 재구성 가능성, 높은 연결성을 지원합니다.

조정 가능한 큐비트를 사용하면 이상값 큐비트를 수정하고 성능을 개선할 수 있습니다.

Willow의 세부 사양: 큐비트 수, 연결성, 오류 확률, 일관성 시간, 측정 속도 및 애플리케이션 성능.

Willow는 운영 전반에서 낮은 오류율과 높은 측정 속도를 보여줍니다.

향후에는 오류 수정이 가능한 대규모 양자 컴퓨터 구축에 중점을 둘 계획입니다.

제약, 배터리 및 핵융합 발전 분야에서 잠재적인 응용 분야.