일반적인 논리적 오류: 논리 오류 이해 및 식별하기

### 논리적 오류 식별 및 이해
* 🌾 '스트로맨'은 **고의적으로 주장을 과장되게 표현**하는 경우가 많습니다.
* 🎭 '애드 호미넴'은 논증이 아닌 사람을 공격하는 반면, **'유전적 오류'는 논증의 출처 때문에 논증이 자동적으로 틀렸다고 가정**합니다.
* 🐟 '붉은 청어'는 주의를 산만하게 하는 오류로, **관련 없는 포인트를 도입**하여 주의를 분산시킵니다.
* 👥 '감정에 호소'는 **타당한 논거를 제시하기보다는 감정을 불러일으켜 주의를 분산**시키려고 합니다.
* 🗣 '권위에 호소'는 **관련 없는 전문가를 끌어들여 그들의 권위가 다른 분야에서도 유효할 것**으로 기대합니다.
* 🚫 '잘못된 이분법'은 중간 지점을 무시한 채 **극단적인 두 가지 옵션**만 제시합니다.
* 🎢 '미끄러운 경사'는 한 단계가 필연적으로 다른 단계로 이어져 궁극적으로 **파멸로 이어진다**고 주장합니다.
* 🔍 '성급한 일반화'는 **작거나 편향된 표본에서 일반적인 결론**을 도출합니다.

논리적 오류를 이해하는 것은 의미 있는 토론을 하고 토론이나 일상적인 대화에서 잘못된 추론을 피하는 데 매우 중요합니다.

if you find yourself talking to someone who straw 
mans so hard that they're going to be picking chaff out of their hair for a week, it would be 
good to be able to point at what exactly it is that's making meaningful discussion impossible. 
I will also put a link to your website, which has pages entitled your logical fallacy is, which also 
has more detailed explanations. Let's go fallacy of composition: if it's true of the parts, then it's 
true of the whole. If there are three great players on my hockey team, then my hockey team must also be 
great, right? And the opposite fallacy of division: if it's true of the whole, then it must be true 
of the parts. If my flat is about half the size of your flat, then it follows logically that my 
doors must be half the size of your doors. The gambler's fallacy is the idea that streaks of good 
luck or bad luck exist and are not just random.

noise it's been read six times in a row. It's on a 
streak too quickly. Or who are you to talk if your sister who does no exercise says you should 
do 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise a week to be healthy. It is the 
two quickly fallacy to say, I'll do it when you do. Who are you to lecture me about what exercise 
I should be doing? Her not doing exercise says nothing about whether or not you should do it. 
Strawman, willfully misrepresenting an argument, often in a massively hyperbolic fashion. We 
should cut down on our use of fossil fuels. Oh, so you want to ban all cars and make 80-year-olds with suitcases run around on bicycles, do you? 
No ad hominem. You're evil, an evil witch. Burn the witch and don't listen to the witch's opinions; 
they're the devil's words. Sometimes people are obviously biased or subjective, and so you should

treat their arguments with care, but it's generally better form to attack the argument rather than the person. Somewhat related to this is the genetic fallacy, which is assuming that an argument is automatically wrong because of its source. Even a stopped clock is right twice a day. Fallacious appeal to authority, sometimes it's appropriate to look at what experts think on a topic, but fallacious appeals to authority bring in someone who's an expert in an entirely unrelated field and expect you to treat them as an expert in this field. Being an expert in particle physics doesn't mean you'll automatically have sensible opinions on, say, pig husbandry or vice versa. Red herring, a fallacy of distraction. Well, they might have stolen the puppy, Your Honor, but look how sad they are to be in court. Red herrings may seem plausible but are ultimately irrelevant. In our example, a person being sad because they have been made to come to court is not relevant to whether or not they

actually stole a puppy. That particular red herring is also an example of appeal to emotion. Appeals to emotion attempt to distract you by making you feel bad for the other person. So why should we hire you for this job? Because if you don't hire me, then I'll be out on the street, and I'll have to live in a cardboard box. You don't want to make me live in a cardboard box, do you? Appeal to popularity or bandwagon: Five million people can't be wrong. Appeal to tradition: People have been doing this for thousands of years, so it must be right. Appeal to nature: Oh, don't trust medicine or science, it's full of chemicals which are bad for you. Here, take this belladonna, it's very natural. Appeal to ignorance: If you can't prove it false, it must be true. Or vice versa: You can't prove that ghosts don't exist, therefore they must exist. Well, you can't prove that ghosts do exist, so therefore

they clearly don't. Both of these are appeals to ignorance, begging the question, assuming to be true a premise that you are trying to prove. Zog the great is infallible because in the big book of Zog the great, it says that he's infallible, and we know that the text is infallible because it was written by Zog, who is infallible because it says so in the book, which was written by someone who says equivocation is using one word to mean multiple things and thus drawing incorrect conclusions, often on purpose. Any law can be repealed by the proper authority. The law of gravity is a law, therefore the law of gravity can be repealed, which conflates law in the legal sense and law in the scientific sense and makes you look like a bit of an egypt. False dichotomy or black or white, either you agree with everything I say or you're an evil baby eater, there is no middle ground.

sort of opposite to the black and white fallacy, is the middle ground fallacy, which says if some people think two plus two is four and some people think two plus two is five, then clearly the answer lies somewhere in the middle. No decision point fallacy or the sorites paradox. The decision point fallacy says because there is a continuum, it means we can't distinguish between things. But just because the boundaries between things are a bit blurry doesn't mean we can't tell one thing from another. I know that a horse is a mammal and a frog is an amphibian, even though frogs lay eggs and so do some mammals. Duck-billed classify what you gonna do. The slippery slope fallacy is the assertion that one step will inevitably lead to another, which will inevitably lead to another, which will inevitably lead to doom. If you get a credit card, then you will overspend, and you will not be able to make your payments, and then you will definitely end up living on the street.

in a cardboard box. If you can stop at any of the 
steps, then it's a fallacy, hasty generalizations, or   anecdotes. This is where you draw a general 
conclusion from a small or biased sample. Obvious examples include things like well, my aunt 
smoked 10 cigarettes a day and she lived to 109, so   cigarettes mustn't be bad for you, but it's also 
one of the reasons that self-selective surveys   aren't particularly good for drawing general 
conclusions about a population. Faulty analogy: comparing things which aren't actually similar 
in the way that would be relevant. Government is   like business since businesses strive to make 
a profit, so should government. Burden of proof: when you insist that it's incumbent upon the 
person who disbelieves your claims to provide   proof against them, rather than providing proof 
for them yourself. I am a ghost. No, you're not. Why   are you saying that? Prove it. Then prove me wrong. 
Prove I'm not a ghost, since you're the one saying  

you're a ghost. Surely, it's incumbent upon you to back up this rather extraordinary claim. Which you can't because you can't walk through walls and you're not transparent nor remotely scary. I'm a ghost. You're really not affirming the consequent is when you say something like my dog barks when there's an intruder. My dog is not barking, therefore there's no intruder. Which if your premises are in fact correct and there is no way that your dog would not bark when there's an intruder is fine. However, my dog barks when there's an intruder. My dog is barking, therefore there must be an intruder is not valid. I mean dogs bark for all sorts of reasons, so unless your premise is my dog only barks when they're intruders this is not right. The opposite of this is denying the antecedent if it barks, then it's a dog. It's barking, therefore it's a dog. Great.

but if it's not barking, then it's not a dog is not valid because maybe it's just a dog that's, you know, tired. Moving the goal posts. You make a claim like, I can read minds, when someone tests this and you fail the test. You then say, Well, I can only read minds which are on the right wavelength. Didn't mention that before. Moving the goal posts. False cause correlation is not causation. So even if global temperatures increase while pirate numbers decrease, that doesn't mean that pirates prevent global warming. See also the Texas sharpshooter where you shoot the side of a barn and then draw your targets afterwards. First you figure out what your conclusion is, then you go looking for data to support it. Loaded question asking something with an assumption built in that means the answerer sounds bad no matter what they say. When did you stop beating your wife? No true Scotsman. No Scotsman puts sugar on his porridge. If you're a Scottish man and you put sugar on

your porridge. You are not a true Scotsman. Personal incredulity. Well, it's hard for me to believe that we're all made of billions of atoms, and so I'm just not going to. And last, but by no means least, the fallacy fallacy. Just because something contains one or more fallacies doesn't mean that they have reached the wrong conclusion. Your yoga teacher says I should eat vegetables because vegetables are healthy, but that is a fallacious appeal to authority because yoga teachers are not dietitians. Therefore, I should eat cake. Thanks for watching, and I hope this was educational. Leave a comment if you have a favorite or least favorite fallacy, and if you want to give us a truly ludicrous example thereof. I mean, I guess you could give us a normal example too, but and if you like videos about critical thinking, let me know in the comments, and I might make another one. All that remains then is to say thank you to my patrons and tell you to look right if you would like to see

the subscribe link, the patreon link, or more videos 
that you might like. Take care, see you next time.

31 logical fallacies in 8 minutes

Jill Bearup

구체적인 오류를 지적하면 억지 주장을 해결하고 의미 있는 토론을 개선하는 데 도움이 될 수 있습니다.

구성의 오류는 부분적으로 참인 것이 전체에도 참이라고 가정하는 반면, 분할의 오류는 그 반대를 가정합니다.

도박꾼의 오류는 운의 연속이 무작위가 아니라고 잘못 믿는 것으로, 이러한 오류를 해결하면 주장과 추론을 강화하는 데 도움이 될 수 있습니다.

논리적 오류는 감정, 인기, 전통, 자연에 호소하는 것과 같은 추론과 논증에서 흔히 볼 수 있습니다.

이러한 오류는 종종 무지나 잘못된 논리에 의존하여 주의를 분산시키거나 조작하는 것을 목표로 합니다.

모호함과 잘못된 이분법도 잘못된 결론을 도출하거나 이분법적 선택을 강요하는 데 자주 사용됩니다.

중간지대의 오류는 진실은 항상 두 가지 상반된 견해 사이의 타협에서 찾을 수 있다고 주장합니다.

미끄러운 경사면의 오류는 한 가지 행동이 일련의 필연적인 사건으로 이어질 것이라고 주장합니다.

성급한 일반화는 작거나 편향된 표본에서 광범위한 결론을 도출할 때 발생하며, 잘못된 유추 오류는 관련성이 없는 다른 것을 비교할 때 발생합니다.

입증 책임의 오류는 입증 책임이 상대방에게 있다고 주장할 때 발생합니다.

제공된 예는 결과의 긍정, 선행의 부정, 골 포스트 이동과 같은 일반적인 논리적 오류를 설명합니다.

이러한 오류는 결함이 있는 주장과 잘못된 결론으로 이어질 수 있습니다.

강력하고 타당한 주장을 형성하려면 이러한 추론의 오류를 인식하는 것이 중요합니다.

이 동영상에서는 "진정한 스코틀랜드인은 없다" 오류, 개인적 불신, 오류 오류 등 세 가지 일반적인 논리적 오류에 대해 설명합니다.

이러한 오류에는 자의적인 기준, 개인적인 불신 또는 실제 요점을 다루지 않고 오류의 존재를 근거로 주장을 일축하는 것이 포함됩니다.

이 동영상은 시청자가 이러한 논증의 오류를 인식하고 비판적 사고 능력을 향상하도록 장려합니다.