스토아 철학: 내면의 평화를 위한 내려놓기

### 행복과 내면의 평화를 얻기 위한 에픽테토스의 가이드
* 😌 에픽테토스는 변덕스럽고 신뢰할 수 없는 외부 세계에 집착하는 것은 고통을 초래하며, **행복의 열쇠는 올바른 것에 관심을 갖고 중요하지 않은 것은 놓아 버리는 것**이라고 믿었습니다.
* 🎯 에픽테토스에 따르면 '통제의 이분법'은 **어떤 것은 우리가 통제할 수 있는 반면, 어떤 것은 통제할 수 없다**는 것을 의미합니다. 우리가 통제할 수 있는 것에 집중함으로써 우리는 우리의 위치를 강화하고 고통을 피할 수 있습니다.
* 👥 에픽테토스는 우리가 통제할 수 없는 사물, 사람, 권력, 결과에 집착하지 말라고 조언합니다. 그는 인생을 **디너 파티처럼 적당히 즐기고 놓아주는 것**으로 생각하라고 제안합니다.
* 👪 다른 사람의 의견에 집착하는 것은 우리를 지치게 하고 평온함을 해칠 수 있습니다. **에픽테토스는 우리 스스로에게 만족하고 승인을 구하는 데 지나치게 신경 쓰지 말라**고 권합니다.
* 🌍 우주는 무관심하고 우리가 통제할 수 없는 존재입니다. 에픽테토스는 **세상을 있는 그대로 받아들이고 삶에 대한 긍정적인 태도**를 기르는 데 집중하라고 가르칩니다.
* 💔 무상한 것에 집착하는 것은 고통으로 이어집니다. 에픽테토스는 우리가 가진 모든 것을 **'빌린 것'**이라고 생각하여 즐기되 언제든 놓아줄 준비를 하라고 권합니다.
* 🎯 "원하는 대로 일이 일어나기를 바라지 말고, 일어난 대로 일이 일어나기를 바라면 잘 될 것이다." 에픽테토스는 **진정한 행복은 현실을 받아들이고 그에 따라 살아가는 데서 비롯**된다고 강조합니다.

에픽테토스는 행복을 위해 변덕스러운 외부 세계에 집착하지 말고 자신이 통제할 수 있는 것에 집중하라고 가르칩니다.

Our very sense of well-being is at gunpoint
when we cling to the fickle, unreliable outside world. Around two thousand years ago, Stoic philosopher
Epictetus observed that people are burdened and dragged down because they tend to care
about too many things. His cure, however, is not to stop caring altogether,
but to care about the right things and stop clinging to anything that doesn’t matter. What matters and doesn’t matter, according
to Epictetus, is bound to the reality of our place as reasonable beings in an ever-changing
environment. This reality Epictetus makes clear in the
underlying tenet of his work: ‘the dichotomy of control.’ Some things are in our control, others not. If we manage to concern ourselves with the
things in our control, we are in a position of strength. But if we neglect these things and focus
on what’s not in our control, we are in a position of weakness. Especially when we cling to what’s not up
to us, we set ourselves up for a life of suffering.

But what are those things that we cling to? And why is it better to let go of them? This video explores the philosophy of Epictetus,
and what we, according to him, should focus on to be happy and content, and what we should
let go of, and how we do this. By the way, you’ll find more Stoic wisdom
in this new book - Stoicism for Inner Peace - which contains my collected works on remaining
calm and focused in these challenging times. You’ll find a link in the description. The two main sources of Epictetus’ philosophy
are called Discourses and Enchiridion, which contain his words of wisdom written down by
his pupil Arrian. These ancient texts can teach us many things
about achieving a state of contentment and inner peace, but also about fortifying our
minds against outside circumstances that we’d usually experience as hurtful. In the first chapter of Discourses, Epictetus
makes clear that outside circumstances can

only hurt us if we let them, which is if we
cling to them. He gives an example of going into exile, saying
that being exiled doesn’t prevent him from going with a smile, nor from being cheerful
and serene. However, if he had clung to the idea that
being exiled is a great tragedy, or to his possessions and the people he had been separated
from, he’d have been in agony. Epictetus knew very well that the possibility
of being exiled isn’t ours to choose, but being cheerful and serene is. Therefore, he didn’t care about the former
and focused on the latter. If we only focus on what we can control, and
let go of everything else, then nothing outside of ourselves can harm us. Now, the question arises: what exactly lies
within our control, and what doesn’t? Here’s what Epictetus stated in the first
chapter of the Enchiridion, and I quote:

“Some things are in our control, and others not. Things in our control are opinion, pursuit, desire, aversion, and, in a word, whatever are our own actions. Things not in our control are body, property, reputation, command, and, in one word, whatever are not our own actions.” End quote. So, simply put, the outside world is not in our control, but the way we choose to act in and position ourselves towards the outside world is in our control. Again, Epictetus doesn’t encourage us to not care about anything. On the contrary: living a good and moral life in accordance with nature is a Stoic’s main goal, which lies entirely within our control. But he does encourage us not to cling to what’s not in our control because these things are fickle, weak, and unreliable. Yes, the enchanting, exciting outside world of pleasures - sweet but insatiable - we often

deem interesting enough to pursue. So we desire what the world has to offer,
and cling to anything that delights the mind and senses. But losing what we cling to hurts. Unfortunately, what we gain and lose is up
to Fortune. So if we let our happiness depend on things
that aren’t up to us, Fortune controls how we feel. Therefore, it’s paramount that we stop clinging
to stuff that we don’t control if we want to develop a strong and stable sense of well-being. Luckily, Epictetus provides us with situations
and methods to do this, emphasizing the power of our reasoning faculty, and devaluing the
things outside of it. For this video, I’ve structured these things
differently for the sake of usability, and based on what Epictetus had to say beyond
the first chapter of the Enchiridion. Hence, I distilled three categories of things
that we better stop clinging to from a Stoic

point of view.

1) Stop clinging to objects, people, and power. It seems part of human nature not only to become attached to the people we associate with, but also to objects. We repeatedly mistake attachment, which has certain possessive elements to it, for love. And so, we deeply enjoy the presence of someone we’re fond of, but are in agony when they walk out of our lives. And what’s even more tragic is that we often suffer the loss of someone before this loss even takes place, which happens in our imagination. Clinging to someone or something implies the continual hurt that comes with resisting a possible yet ultimately inevitable separation from what we’re attached to. In some cases, the fear of loss or abandonment becomes an obsession, meaning that our very lives revolve around preventing separation. The same goes for power. The ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus pointed out that power is insatiable, which is the

reason why obtaining power usually leads to
a hunger for power. People corrupted by power have been the cause
of misery countless times because they didn’t want to give it up and wanted more, which
only causes stress. But the irony of power is that even though
it suggests control, power in itself is not in our control, meaning that it can be given
and taken at any time. Fighting the impermanent nature of existence
is the way of the fool. If we want to live in accordance with nature,
as Stoics do, then we must adjust ourselves to transience. But how? Epictetus had a simple but profound piece
of advice on how to treat the world when it comes to objects, people, and power. He suggested that we treat life as a dinner
party. “Is anything brought around to you?” (Epictetus stated), “Put out your hand and
take your share with moderation. Does it pass by you? Don’t stop it.

Is it not yet come? Don’t stretch your desire towards it, but wait till it reaches you. Do this with regard to children, to a wife, to public posts, to riches, and you will eventually be a worthy partner of the feasts of the gods.” End quote. He then goes on to say that when we can even reject the things which are set before us, we’ll not only be a partner at the feasts of the gods but also of their empire. This points to living conformably to nature or, simply, ‘by how things are’ instead of in conflict with it. Now, Epictetus wants to toughen us up against the pain of loss, by changing our perceptions of the things we love. Instead of thinking that we own something, or that we’re entitled to something or to be with someone, we could see everything we have as ‘borrowed’. I quote: Never say of anything, “I have lost it”; but, “I have returned it.”

Is your child dead? It is returned. Is your wife dead? She is returned. Is your estate taken away? Well, and is not that likewise returned? “But he who took it away is a bad man.” What difference is it to you who the giver
assigns to take it back? While he gives it to you to possess, take
care of it; but don’t view it as your own, just as travelers view a hotel. End quote. When we think of it, Epictetus’ view of
things isn’t far from the truth. We don’t own anything except our reasoning
faculty, because if we’d own our children, our spouses, our estates, then we wouldn’t
be able to lose them. Thus, the idea that we borrow fits reality
better, as there’s always a moment of returning what isn’t ours. Clinging to borrowed goods is a recipe for
pain. So, according to Epictetus, it’s no problem
to have things, and even to enjoy them, as

long as we’re able to let go of them anytime. 2) Stop clinging to the opinions of others. Oh, how much we care about what others think about us. Many people move heaven and earth just to be liked. Why? Well, that’s the question. Especially in this day and age, simply ‘not being liked’ doesn’t endanger our lives in the majority of cases, as we’re not living in the tribal age anymore, when acceptance by the tribe was a matter of life and death. However, people having a positive opinion about us has its benefits. For example, when we’re likable, it’s easier to make friends. When we’re attractive, it’s easier to find a romantic partner. When we’re seen as smart and capable, companies are more likely to hire us. But Epictetus thinks that all these outside factors are inferior to our equanimity. He tells us, for example, that we shouldn’t be grieved when we aren’t invited to a party.

especially if we don’t really like the host. Getting invited to a party comes at a cost,
which is praise and attendance. If we’re not willing to invest time and
energy in socializing with a particular person, we shouldn’t be surprised if we don’t
get invited to his party. We can’t have it both ways. By not getting invited we may not experience
the joys of that party, but we do have this and I quote: “the not praising him, whom
you don’t like to praise; the not bearing with his behavior at coming in.” Now, that sounds like a pretty good reward. Regardless of the pleasure that it brings
about, the ongoing pursuit of being liked is exhausting. Praising people we don’t want to praise,
attending to social gatherings that we don’t want to attend. And for what? It’s not for the sake of tranquility, which
cannot be achieved if we always worry about what people think. Furthermore, Epictetus said that we must be
laughed at, ridiculed, and despised if that’s

the price we pay for “equanimity, freedom,
and tranquility”. We must be content to be thought stupid, and
when someone speaks ill of us, we say: “He does not know my other faults, else he would
not have mentioned only these.” At the end of the day, the opinions of other
people are beyond our control, but the degree to which they affect us lies within our control. Do we cling to people’s opinions and let
ourselves be guided by them? Or do we take what benefit we can from them
before we let them go forever to rot in the past? It all comes down to skillfully handling the
tool we’re given, which is our ability to form opinions about opinions. I quote: Remember that not he who gives ill language
or a blow insults, but the principle which represents these things as insulting. When, therefore, anyone provokes you, be assured
that it is your own opinion which provokes you.

3) Stop clinging to outcomes and ideas. The universe has subjected us without mercy. Try to control it, and we lose every time. Try to change what is, and we fight a battle we can’t win. Yet, people are often occupied with what should happen now, what should have happened in the past, and what should happen in the future. And the more they resist, the more life will hurt. Epictetus tells us how we should treat a servant. Even though a servant is expected to be obedient, he makes clear that he’s of such importance to us that it should be in his power to not always conform to that idea. People are people, and it’s in their nature to not always behave as we wish. Now, what’s more important: that a servant is never bad, or that the master is happy? We can’t have both. And the acceptance that a servant doesn’t always act as we please is the price we pay.

for equanimity. We can use this example as a metaphor for
anything. For example, we can’t expect the world to
be inoffensive. Silencing people who are (in some people’s
eyes) offensive is not going to change that there will always be someone offending someone,
as long as we haven’t given up our humanity. So, the idea of an inoffensive world in which
humans are involved is unrealistic. And imposing such an ideal on others probably
does more harm than good. A more useful approach would be to start with
being more kind ourselves, which is something we have control over. Others may or may not follow our lead, but
that is not up to us. As Epictetus stated: “Don’t demand that things happen as you
wish, but wish that they happen as they do happen, and you will go on well.” End quote. Epictetus emphasizes that we can’t control
the world, but we can control our attitude.

towards it. Someone can insult us, but can’t control
what we think or feel about this. Someone can take away our possessions or steal
our money, but can’t control whether or not we’re depressed about it. Our spouses can cheat on us, but it’s up
to us to what degree this affects us. The coming and going of the world aren’t
up to us. If we nonetheless cling to them, we lose. But if we accept them, and focus on living
well despite the whims of Fortune, we win. Thank you for watching.

When Life Hurts, Stop Clinging to It | The Philosophy of Epictetus

Einzelgänger

에픽테토스의 내면의 평화와 만족에 대한 철학

2천 년 전 스토아 철학자 에픽테토스는 우리가 통제할 수 있는 것에 집중하고 나머지는 놓아두는 것이 힘과 행복의 열쇠라고 가르쳤습니다.

담론』과 『엔키리디온』에 요약된 그의 철학은 우리가 집착하지 않는다면 외부 환경이 우리를 해칠 수 없다는 점을 강조합니다.

에픽테토스에 따르면 우리는 자신의 생각, 선택, 행동에 집중하고 통제할 수 없는 것들은 놓아버리면서 내면의 평화 상태를 달성해야 합니다.

금욕주의 마스터하기: 통제할 수 없는 것은 놓아주기

에픽테토스는 우리가 우리의 행동과 선택은 통제할 수 있지만 외부의 사건이나 소유물은 통제할 수 없다고 가르칩니다.

사물, 사람, 권력 등 우리가 통제할 수 없는 것에 집착하는 것은 고통을 초래하고 행복감을 느끼지 못하게 합니다.

그는 내면의 평화와 안정을 얻기 위해 이러한 집착을 버려야 한다고 강조하며, 우리의 추론 능력에 초점을 맞추고 있습니다.

에픽테토스가 말하는 힘과 상실의 철학

권력에 대한 갈망은 궁극적으로 통제할 수 없기 때문에 종종 불행과 스트레스로 이어집니다.

에픽테토스는 삶과 권력의 일시적인 속성을 받아들이라고 조언하며 모든 것을 소유가 아닌 '빌린 것'으로 보아야 한다고 말합니다.

그는 사물의 무상함에 저항하는 것은 고통만 가져올 뿐이며, 사물을 내 것으로 보지 않고 놓아주는 법을 배우는 것이 자연에 순응하는 삶의 열쇠라고 강조합니다.

호감을 얻고자 하는 욕구 버리기

에픽테토스는 평온과 자유를 위해 타인의 인정을 구하는 것의 무의미함을 강조합니다.

그는 내면의 평화를 위해 기꺼이 조롱과 멸시를 받을 수 있어야 한다고 제안합니다.

또한 에픽테토스는 다른 사람의 의견에 휘둘리지 않고 자신의 관점을 능숙하게 관리하는 것이 중요하다고 강조합니다.

인생의 불확실성을 포용하기: 에픽테토스가 주는 교훈

에픽테토스에 따르면 인생의 결과를 통제하거나 바꾸려는 시도는 패배하는 싸움입니다.

그는 사람과 세상이 항상 우리의 기대를 충족시키지 못한다는 사실을 받아들이는 것이 중요하다고 강조합니다.

그는 불쾌한 세상을 위해 노력하는 대신 우리가 통제할 수 있는 우리 자신의 친절함에 집중할 것을 제안합니다.

에픽테토스는 외부의 사건은 통제할 수 없지만, 그에 대한 우리의 태도와 반응은 통제할 수 있는 힘이 있다고 강조합니다.