일본 성 산업의 진화: 역사적 관점

### 일본 성 산업의 진화: 역사적 관용에서 현대 매춘으로: 일본 성산업의 진화
* 🇯🇵 일본의 성 산업은 특히 **성인용 동영상(AV) 분야에서 전 세계적으로 가장 높은 수준**으로 발전한 것으로 유명합니다.
* 📚 일본인의 성에 대한 자유로운 태도는 **신화와 문학의 노골적인 주제**를 포함한 풍부한 문화 역사에 뿌리를 둔 산업 성장의 근본적인 조건이었습니다.
* 📖 대표적인 예로 복잡한 성적 관계를 탐구하는 '겐지 이야기'는 **보수적인 사회에 비해 성에 대해 관대한 일본의 역사적 관용**을 반영한 작품입니다.
* 🏛 에도 시대에는 지역 영주와 그 수행원들 사이에서 성 서비스에 대한 수요가 증가한 **산킨코타이 제도**에 힘입어 **매춘 산업이 크게 확장**되었습니다.
* 💰 정부는 유곽으로 알려진 매춘 업소를 제재했고, 이는 **일상 생활의 일부**가 되어 **죄책감이나 수치심 없이 매춘을 광범위하게 받아들이게** 되었습니다.
* 🚨 1956년 매춘 방지법이 도입되었지만, **합법적인 서비스를 가장한 업소 운영이 가능한 법적 허점** 때문에 매춘은 여전히 만연해 있습니다.
* 🎨 매춘의 허용은 **우키요에와 같은 역사적 관행**에서 비롯된 성인 만화와 애니메이션을 비롯한 다른 성 산업의 성장을 촉진했으며, **전시 기간 동안 정부의 요구**에 의해 더욱 촉진되었습니다.
* 📈 전반적으로 일본 성산업의 진화는 **역사적 관용, 정부 규제, 문화적 수용의 복잡한 상호작용**을 통해 현대 사회에서 번창할 수 있었음을 보여줍니다.

역사에 뿌리를 둔 일본의 성에 대한 자유주의적 태도는 유명한 매춘 산업을 포함한 성 산업을 번창하게 만들었습니다.

When we think of Japan, we cannot overlook the well-developed sex industry. Unlike our country, certain aspects of the sex-related industry have developed on a massive scale. The AV (adult video) industry and various other sex-related industries are almost at the world's highest level. It is hard for us to imagine, but in Japan, adult magazines are prominently displayed in convenience stores and supermarkets, making it easy to encounter sex-related content in everyday life. So today, let's explore how Japan's sex industry has developed to such an extent. 

First of all, for the sex industry to thrive, people must have a liberal attitude towards sex. This is quite obvious, right? The open-mindedness of the Japanese people towards sex has been a fundamental condition for the industry's development. Historically, the Japanese have been quite open about sexuality. If we trace the cultural remnants left by their ancestors, we can confirm that the Japanese have a rich and unique history regarding this topic.

First of all, it may seem trivial, but we can find such things in Japanese mythology. In our country's mythology, we have wholesome stories like a tiger drinking in a cave. In contrast, Japanese mythology is filled with sexual content. I can't introduce each of these in detail, but to give you an idea of how explicit it is, Japanese mythology is recorded in a historical text called the Nihon Shoki. In the early Meiji period, a British scholar studying in Japan translated the Nihon Shoki and introduced it to his country, only for the British people to misunderstand it as an erotic novel rather than a historical text. It's similar to treating the Bible as a fantasy novel. Anyway, Japanese mythology contains unreserved sexual content from its ancient roots, and this tendency is also reflected in Japanese literature. The greatest masterpiece of Japanese classical literature is regarded as...

겐지모노 가타리의 좋은 예시입니다. 주인공 겐지가 여러 여자와 관계를 맺고 나서 얻은 깨달음이 주 내용을 이루는데, 문제는 이 관계를 맺은 여자들입니다. 겐지가 관계를 맺은 여자 중에는 황실 귀족, 평범한 계급의 모르는 여자가 있는가 하면, 심지어 계모, 숙모와 같은 친인척 관계의 여자들까지도 여럿 있었습니다. 이 작품은 일본에서 고전 소설의 최고 걸작이라는 평을 받는 동시에 외설 문학 장르를 개척했다고 평가받습니다. 그 이후로 외설 문학이 쏟아져 나오죠. 이는 작가가 여성임에도 불구하고 당대 작가로서 뛰어난 재능을 인정받았는데, 그에 비해 조선 사회는 엄격했습니다. 조선 후기 정조는 연한 박지원에게 소설 '열하일기'에 문장이 불순하다는 이유로 '열하일기'를 옛날 한문체로 다시 고쳐 쓰라고 요구하는데, 그런 면에서 당시 조선보다 일본이 더 자유로운 것 같죠.

Anyway, the development of Japanese erotic literature is a clear indication of the tolerant attitude of the Japanese towards sexuality. This tolerance is not only evident in ancient myths and literature but has also been reflected in various cultural practices. Compared to other countries, Japan had particularly explicit representations of sexuality, such as the culture of shared bathing between men and women, the practice of a man visiting a woman's home at night to engage in relations before proposing, and the legal system that allowed for easy divorce with just a single document. These aspects reveal the open sexual culture of the Japanese people in the past, which thrived during the Edo period and continued through the modern Meiji era. Historically, the open sexual culture and social climate have had a lasting impact on contemporary Japanese society. However, this only partially conveys that past Japanese people were relatively tolerant towards sexuality and does not fully explain the developed sex industry in modern Japan.

It is difficult to explain, but what has had the greatest influence on the sexual attitudes and sex industry of modern Japanese people? It is indeed prostitution. In fact, prostitution is at the pinnacle of the sex industry, isn't it? Conversely, if people can accept prostitution, which is at the peak of the sex industry, without any discomfort, it implies that they can also naturally accept other aspects of the sex industry. If that happens, the entire sex industry will become vibrant. Prostitution has indeed made the sexual awareness of modern Japanese people more liberated and has laid the foundation for Japan's world-class sex industry, which is significant. So, let's now take a look at how prostitution, which is the first thread in the tapestry of the Japanese sex industry, has been accepted so naturally by the Japanese people. When we examine the history of prostitution in Japan, we find it very interesting that there is a decisive difference compared to our country.

In Japan, the government officially managed and supervised brothels, which is something that could never happen in the four great domains of Joseon. The prostitution industry in Japan began to flourish during the Edo period, which corresponds to the Joseon era in our country. Of course, there were some such establishments before the Edo period, but they were minimal. However, once the Edo period began, the scale of the prostitution industry noticeably expanded. So, why did the prostitution industry suddenly become active during the Edo period? There are several reasons, but the most direct one is the sankin-kotai system. The sankin-kotai system refers to the practice where the lords of each domain would alternate living in Edo and their own regions every year to show loyalty to the shogun. It’s a bit complicated, but if we apply it to our context, it would be like the governors or mayors representing each region.

Every year, at a specific time, the king would go to a certain area and live there for a few months before returning to his own region for a few months. This system, where local lords alternate between the capital and their regions, is referred to as the System of Alternating Residence. But why did the local lords have to go back and forth, which must have been exhausting? The reason was to weaken local finances and curb the power of the lords. In reality, it's not easy; to walk from their region to the capital every year, it would take about a month on average, depending on the region. Since it takes such a long time to travel, they must carefully check where they can stay along the way before starting their journey. Additionally, since the local lord is walking a long distance, they also need to assemble attendants to accompany them. Just thinking about it, it sounds like it would cost a lot of money, considering the expenses for a month-long walking trip, including the costs for attendants and accommodation.

When considering food expenses, doesn't it feel overwhelming? According to the data, a staggering 4,000 personnel were mobilized for the procession of Gagahan. The reason for mobilizing such a large number of attendants was not that they were actually needed, but rather to showcase to others that we are doing better than other regions. In fact, when passing through crowded areas, they would walk slowly and confidently to display their grandeur. However, when passing through less populated areas, they would rush to minimize costs, which is quite amusing. But it's not just the expenses for going; there are also costs for returning, right? Moreover, the living expenses during the stay had to be covered by each local government. Therefore, if we convert the cost incurred for a single shift of attendants into today's money, it is estimated to be around 400 million yen, which was the amount each local government had to manage at that time.

It is said that about one-third of the population was involved in crime, and the original purpose of worsening the conditions of each domain was well realized to prevent resistance against the shogunate. But what is the connection between this alternating duty system and the prostitution industry? Previously, it was mentioned that the alternating duty system involved hundreds or thousands of attendants following the feudal lords to Edo. Most of these attendants were samurai, meaning they were predominantly male. With hundreds or thousands of men staying together for over a month, the demand for sexual gratification soared. Consequently, the inns and restaurants where this massive procession paused began to incorporate prostitution into their businesses. This form of prostitution spread rapidly. Additionally, when the male procession arrived in Edo, the male-to-female ratio in the city increased significantly. Therefore, even in the early 18th century, the population was predominantly male.

The ratio approached 70%, and as the situation escalated, sexual issues such as sexual crimes and public indecency frequently occurred in Edo. To address this, the shogunate officially recognized the yukaku, which refers to government-sanctioned brothels. The shogunate established yukaku in Edo, as well as in Kyoto and Osaka, marking the beginning of the public brothel system in Japanese history. The term public brothel means that courtesans were officially managed. Hungry men, driven by desire, flocked to the yukaku, and there, feudal lords often squandered their wealth once again. During this era, the number of public brothels gradually increased, leading to the emergence of private brothels as well. The previously mentioned lodging establishments and restaurants served as private brothels, and, by the way, bathhouses were also very popular.

The prostitution industry, which has thrived since ancient times, has spread nationwide without any particular sense of guilt or shame. This is because, in a situation where the government manages and supervises the brothels, why would there be any feelings of guilt or embarrassment? Thus, not only adult men but also minors frequently visited these establishments to broaden their horizons. In 1823, a Dutch doctor named Ten Volt, who arrived in Japan, later remarked in The Travels of Edo that the pleasure quarters in Japan are places that are indispensable to daily life, much like restaurants. Even during the day, Japanese people swagger in and out of brothels as if they were visiting coffee shops. This illustrates the intense and heated atmosphere of the time. However, in exchange for this, Japan experienced a significant outbreak of sexually transmitted diseases. According to records from that time, 30% of the total population in Japan was affected.

It is said that he contracted syphilis. Sugita Genpaku, a famous doctor during the Edo period, stated that 70% to 80% of my patients have syphilis. At that time, sexually transmitted diseases were widespread throughout the country. The development of prostitution and the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases marked the passage of time. The Edo period came to an end, and the Meiji government took over. How did the Meiji government respond to prostitution? They upgraded it. The Meiji government abolished the brothel system of the Edo period and introduced modern public brothel systems. In simple terms, they maintained the public brothel system like in the Edo period but updated it by implementing regular sexually transmitted disease screenings for prostitutes. Just like in the Edo period, prostitution continued to receive government support and protection during the Meiji era. When a British journalist asked whether they would continue to maintain the brothel system, Ito, a senior official of the Meiji government, responded.

Hirobumi answered that he did not want to abolish the licensed prostitution system, which earned him cheers from the men. This reflects the government's attitude toward Confucianism at the time. In fact, Ito Hirobumi's wife was also from a high-class geisha background. However, the Meiji government did not simply maintain the brothel system out of concern for men's sexual desires. There was a very barbaric sense of purpose behind it. As soon as the Meiji government came to power, they wanted to rush into modernization, just like the Western powers. To modernize, they needed to lay railroads and roads nationwide and establish modern factories, which required a lot of money. The problem was that they did not have enough funds. Therefore, the Meiji government decided to send women working in the brothels abroad. They urged these women to sell their bodies for the sake of the nation and praised them as the yellow female soldiers of the country, encouraging other women to follow suit. As a result, many Japanese women were pushed to leave for foreign lands.

However, there were also many Japanese women who were forcibly trafficked. Women who went abroad to sell their bodies and earn foreign currency were referred to as karayuki. The money earned by karayuki became an important resource for Japan's modernization. According to the history of overseas compatriots, in the 33rd year of the Meiji era, the amount remitted by overseas compatriots in the Siberian region to Japan was about 1 million yen, of which 630,000 yen was attributed to remittances from karayuki. Additionally, an interview article published in the Fukuoka Nichinichi Shimbun revealed that women from four villages in Shimabara, Japan, sent more than 12,000 yen to their parents and siblings back home just last year. There are countless other examples as well. Thanks to this, the Japanese government, which was struggling with a small deficit, was able to significantly accumulate primitive capital through the money earned by karayuki abroad, which played a major role in the process of modernization.

The public prostitution system in Japan continued until 1945, when Japan was defeated in World War II. In other words, from the Edo period until the defeat in World War II, the Japanese government directly managed and supervised brothels. However, in 1946, the Japanese government abolished the public prostitution system and enacted the Anti-Prostitution Law in 1956, which began regulating sex work. From that point on, prostitution officially became illegal in Japan. But was this law effective? Not really. This was due to a law known as the Fūkeihō, which recognizes the act of entertaining customers in private rooms in response to their sexual curiosity as a legitimate profession. In simple terms, while the Anti-Prostitution Law makes prostitution illegal, the Fūkeihō allows for the catering to customers' sexual curiosity without it being classified as prostitution.

The statement means that providing sexual services in a different, healthier form is legal. This implies that jobs offering sexual services that are not classified as prostitution are recognized. When we talk about healthy forms of sexual services, it could refer to things like providing massages or other similar services. However, this creates a situation where businesses can outwardly appear legitimate while engaging in prostitution behind the scenes. In fact, this is what happened in Japan. For this reason, despite the establishment of the Prostitution Prevention Law in 1956, the prostitution industry did not decline. Nevertheless, technically speaking, prostitution itself is illegal. Since the Prostitution Prevention Law was enacted in 1956, prostitution has openly occurred in Japan's red-light districts, and it still does today. Isn't that a bit strange? No matter how many loopholes there are in the law, it still seems contradictory.

When prostitution is caught, there are punishments, yet, both in the past and present, it is still openly occurring. There are reasons for this, though. When prostitution is exposed, the establishments often defend themselves by saying that while they were cleaning ears or giving massages, a romantic feeling blossomed between a young customer and a young employee, leading them to form a relationship. They argue, Why is that considered prostitution? The money we received from the customer was for the massage, not for sexual relations. This is truly an unbeatable logic. When they defend themselves like this, there is really nothing to say. For this reason, the police tend to overlook such cases. Even though prostitution is clearly illegal, the red-light district and sex industry in Japan have managed to survive and thrive from the past to the present, despite being the industry that people feel the most discomfort about, continuing to exist so openly.

In a situation where acceptance is granted, how is other sexual industries used? It would probably thrive excessively. In Japan, there has been a unique painting technique called ukiyo-e since ancient times, which produced a flood of highly explicit erotic paintings. Interestingly, this production technique laid the foundation for the emergence of modern manga and animation. Adult-oriented manga appeared as a branch of manga and gained immense popularity. The emergence of animation is quite intriguing. During World War II, the Japanese government pressured creators to produce animations to boost the national will for war. In line with government demands, animations officially appeared and were broadcasted, depicting content that praised the attack on Pearl Harbor and portrayed Americans as demons. Following the official emergence of animation, it also branched out like manga, leading to the production and distribution of adult animations.

We begin. After that, various adult DVDs, including those from the AV industry, were mass-produced and sold, and even adult magazines were placed on the shelves of convenience stores and supermarkets. The reason all of this happened so swiftly is that the Japanese people did not feel a sense of rejection towards the sex industry itself. The biggest influence that made this possible was the prostitution industry. If you are used to spicy peppers, then Shin Ramyeon is nothing, right? It's a similar principle. Today, we explored how the Japanese sex industry was able to develop. If you found the content informative, please subscribe and like. Thank you, this was Knowledge Merchant.

일본은 어떻게 성산업이 발전할 수 있었을까? 성매매 불법인데 왜 대놓고 할까?

지식보부상

일본의 성 산업은 고도로 발달되어 있으며, AV 산업과 성 관련 비즈니스는 세계 최고 수준입니다.

역사적, 문화적 관습에 뿌리를 둔 성에 대한 일본의 자유분방한 태도는 산업 성장의 근간이 되었습니다.

일본의 신화와 문학에는 노골적인 성적인 내용이 담겨 있으며, 이는 성에 대한 오랜 개방적인 태도를 반영하며 현대 사회에도 영향을 미치고 있습니다.

매춘이 현대 일본인의 성 태도에 미치는 영향

매춘은 현대 일본인의 성 태도와 성 산업을 형성하는 데 중추적인 역할을 해왔으며, 보다 자유로운 성 인식을 이끌어냈습니다.

일본 정부는 매춘 업소를 공식적으로 관리하고 감독했는데, 이는 다른 나라와는 큰 차이점이었습니다.

매춘 산업은 에도 시대에 번성했는데, 이는 지방 영주들이 에도와 그 지역에 번갈아 거주하며 권력과 재정을 약화시키는 산킨코타이 제도에 힘입은 바가 컸습니다.

가가한 행렬이 에도의 매춘 산업에 미친 영향

가가한 행렬에는 많은 인력이 동원되어 우월성을 과시하기 위해 사람이 많은 곳에서는 천천히 걷고 사람이 적은 곳에서는 서두르는 등 비용을 최소화하기 위해 많은 인력이 동원되었습니다.

수행원들의 교대 근무에 따른 재정적 부담은 각 지자체마다 약 4억 엔에 달했고, 남성 위주의 집단이 한 달 이상 함께 머무르면서 성 서비스에 대한 수요가 급증해 매춘이 급속히 확산되었습니다.

고조되는 성 문제에 대한 막부의 대응은 에도, 교토, 오사카에 정부가 승인한 매춘 업소(유카쿠)를 설립하는 것이었고, 이것이 일본 역사상 공공 매춘 업소 제도의 시초가 되었습니다.

일본의 매춘 산업: 에도에서 메이지까지

일본의 매춘 산업은 고대부터 번성해 왔으며, 정부의 관리로 인해 죄책감이나 수치심이 부족했습니다.

에도 시대에는 성병이 크게 유행하여 인구의 30%가 성병에 걸렸습니다.

메이지 정부는 매춘 업소 제도를 폐지했지만 국가의 근대화를 위해 정기적인 질병 검진을 실시하고 심지어 여성들을 해외로 보내 매춘업에 종사하도록 하는 등 계속 지원했습니다.

가라유키와 일본 매춘 법의 영향

성매매를 위해 해외로 인신매매된 일본 여성인 가라유키는 송금을 통해 일본 근대화에 중요한 역할을 했습니다.

일본 정부는 1945년까지 매춘 업소를 관리하다가 공창제를 폐지하고 1956년 매춘 방지법을 제정했습니다.

하지만 법의 허점을 악용하여 합법적인 사업을 가장한 성 서비스를 제공하는 매춘은 일본에서 계속 번성했습니다.

일본의 매춘과 성 산업의 회복력

매춘은 불법임에도 불구하고 업소들의 교묘한 방어와 경찰의 사건을 간과하는 경향으로 인해 일본에서 번성해 왔습니다.

매춘 산업의 생존은 현대 만화와 애니메이션의 토대를 마련한 에로틱 예술의 역사적 수용과 관련이 있습니다.

제2차 세계대전 중 정부의 압력은 성인용 콘텐츠 제작을 더욱 촉진하여 성인용 DVD와 잡지의 대량 생산 및 배포로 이어졌습니다.