코카인의 역사적 여정과 그 용도

코카인의 역사적 중요성은 고대의 사용에서 현대 의학에 이르기까지 코카인의 변혁적인 여정을 보여줍니다.

### 코카인의 놀라운 역사: 고대 문명에서 현대 의학까지
* 🌿 안데스 산맥의 코카나무에서 유래한 코카인은 **기원전 3,000년경부터 페루의 잉카 문명**과 관련된 풍부한 역사를 지니고 있습니다.
* 💉 잉카인들은 **코카인이 1% 정도 함유된 코카 잎**을 정기적으로 씹어 각성제 및 마취제로 사용했으며, **14세기에는 생존율이 75-84%에 달하는 선진 수술법**을 개발했습니다.
* 🔍 흥미롭게도 **이집트 미라에서 코카인이 발견**되어 지리적 거리가 멀지만 고대 이집트와 남미 간의 상호작용 가능성을 시사합니다.
* 🍷 19세기에 안젤로 마리아니는 **코카인이 들어간 음료인 마리아니 와인**을 만들어 큰 인기를 얻었으며, **교황 레오 13세와 같은 저명인사의 찬사**를 받기도 했습니다.
* 🥤 금주법이 미국을 강타하면서 코카콜라는 원래 코카인이 들어 있던 **마리아니 와인의 무알코올 버전**으로 개발되었지만 카페인을 위해 코카인이 제거되었습니다.
* 💊 지그문트 프로이트는 **코카인을 국소 마취제로 옹호**하여 의료 행위에서 사용하도록 이끌었고, 저명한 의사들을 포함한 많은 사람을 **중독에 빠뜨린 중독성**을 강조하기도 했습니다.
* 코카인이 프로카인과 리도카인 같은 더 안전한 마취제로 진화하면서 현대 의학에 큰 영향을 미쳤으며, 오늘날에도 시술 중 통증 완화를 위해 **리도카인이 널리 사용**되고 있습니다.
* 📚 고대 의식에서 현대 의학에 이르기까지 코카인의 여정은 **오늘날 마약에 대한 우리의 이해**를 계속해서 형성하는 문화, 의학 및 역사적 내러티브가 얽혀 있는 복잡한 유산을 보여 줍니다.

Cocaine mixed with wine. At that time, in the United States, it was the Prohibition era [(What a coincidence)]. So, they took out the alcohol and just made it a non-alcoholic drink. [Psychiatrist Oh Jinseung] [Otolaryngologist Lee Nakjoon / Internist Woo Changyoon] - Today, we’re back again with medical history. - I’m excited! I’m looking forward to it. I’ve especially been dealing with the topic of drugs. The three natural drugs. The word natural makes it seem nice, but not at all! These were just in the state of nature. So, opium, marijuana, and finally - cocaine! - Also from the drama Narco-Saints! It is the most expensive drug on Earth. ‘Are you possessed by the Satan?’ [(Perfect harmony)]. It also appeared on Narco-Saints. We always began like this. Opium from 5,000 B.C. Marihuana from 12,000 B.C.

When did cocaine begin? I’m guessing a bit more recent... I think so as well! How recent? Maybe around the time of the Egyptian era... [Cocaine began in 3,000 B.C] - Then, isn’t it Egypt again? - No! Cocaine naturally grows only around the Andes mountains - Coca tree doesn’t grow elsewhere - South America! So, I just said South America but What are the three civilizations of South America? - Inca.. Maya.. - Aztec! [Source: World Digital Geography] Maya and Aztec are not related It’s only in the Andes Mountains So, it’s only relevant to the Inca civilization So, near Peru? Right, exactly Peru! We group those which existed around the Andes mountains around the 3,000 B.C. And call it the Andes civilization [(Wait)] So, here [(Siren sound)] The sound is really near Isn’t it coming to us? It’s becoming louder

[(Innocent)] Dear judge, I’ve never done it. [(Heard this place is famous for the 3 drugs)] From this Andes civilization, probably the cultivation of grains would have begun around 2,000 B.C. Corn, which is the most important crop in Central and South America, would have begun around 600-700 B.C. Then, cultivation of cocaine began before corns? Did it begin as cocaine? They didn’t cultivate it. It was used cocaine that was grown naturally, around 3,000 BC. There’s something amazing here. It doesn’t make sense. It was September of 1976 for a special exhibit on Egypt, in Paris. They bring over the mummy of Ramses II, who was the 3rd Pharaoh of the 19th Egyptian dynasty. But, they couldn’t just exhibit it. They did a research about whether it is in the process of being rot. In the process, they find out that this mummy was being destroyed by some microorganism. ‘Huh, why is it being damaged?’

From the bandage wrapping the mummy, there were tobacco leaves. Tobacco leaves. Before Columbus brought it from South America in the 15th centuries, it didn’t exist in the old world. Tobacco didn’t exist at the time of Ramses II. So, at the time, French tentatively concluded that ‘The archaeologist who discovered the mummy’ ‘Was British’. And Britain had tobacco pipes in the 19th century. So, it probably got in somehow in the process of excavating. Even at this time, there were doubts because it wasn’t discovered from the surface of the mummy. The tobacco leaves were from the most inner part, after taking off the bandage. That’s a bit weird - That's weird! - Anyways, at that time, there were no other plausible explanations. They just ignored it and concluded that it was a mere coincidence. But, German pathologist Svetlana Balabanova. The name is too difficult.

16 years later in 1991 - That’s quite recent - Starts an investigation [Finally began to investigate the mummy] Comparing the hairs of 9 Egyptian mummies at the Munich museum. As well as the components of the bone. Surprisingly, all the samples had marijuana. But, it was common at the time. Moreover, cocaine was detected. From the Egyptian mummies? [(What is this?)] Cocaine was detected from the mummies? In 8 of the samples, nicotine was also detected. At least in 1,000 B.C. [Maybe there was interaction between Egypt and South America?] It’s evidence that makes this inference plausible. [(North Africa) (South America)] Actually, North Africa and Andes in South America.. are really far! So, there’s a great distance. There’s a record. Maybe.. ‘At the time, maybe something similar to coca tree’ ‘Naturally grew in Egypt?’ But, Egyptians were crazy about making records, thanks to papyrus.

Marijuana or opium are recorded, but cocaine. There’s no record of coca tree leaf [Only about the powder!] There’s only record about the powder [(Did it really come across?)] If so, there’s a possibility that it came across. Wow, from 1,000 B.C. - How did they do it? - Did they manufacture coca powder and sell it? These artifacts that are out of time are called ‘OOPArts’ [OOPArts: Out-of-place artifacts]. This is legendary. Cocaine is a representative OOPArt. Now, scholars infer that probably Phoenicians around the Egyptian territory [Phoenician: The first ethnic group to engage in overseas trade using galley, and thrived] [Source: Game ‘Civilization’] would have traveled back and forth [(Believe it or not)]. But we didn’t live back then, so we don’t know for sure. Anyways, as I mentioned earlier, Central and South American civilization.

Was constituted of Aztec, Maya, and Inca civilizations. The only one near the Andes Mountains was Inca. When we mention Inca, it seems very old - But it’s not that old. - Really? From 1200’s to 1400’s. 200 years maximum, and 100 years minimum. The empire which reigned the Andes mountains [Inca empire] 1200-1400 B.C. Or A.D.? Not long after, they were destroyed by the Spanish. There was a shared culture in the Inca empire [Inca empire culture and surgery]. Most tribes people regularly chewed on Coca tree leaves [(Smiling)]. - Like gum! - Yes! Like gum, so was it like everyone was on drugs? Not really. It only contains a little bit [Coca tree only has 1% of cocaine]. So, those chewing on coca leaves [Stimulant similar to coffee!] - But there were people consuming it in large amounts. - Right! So, it unlocked

[(Illusion)] Some kind of condition 'It stimulates, when you eat a bit' 'If you eat more' 'You get anesthetize, paralyzed' So, there was a very developed surgery in the Inca empire [Cephalotrypesis] Cephalotrypesis was extremely developed in Inca. They had such an advantage over other civilizations Because the anesthetic effect of cocaine Was very strong. You lose your conscious. So, they conducted a lot of cephalotrypesis. So much to the point that the Inca empire's Cephalotrypesis survival rate Was higher than that of the Civil War By large difference. Wow, back then? Yes! Incomparably Crazy.. The survival rate of cephalotrypesis Conducted in the Inca civilization near the Andes area Was around 40%. That high? The survival rate was already that high By the 14th century, the time of the Inca empire [Survival rates increased to 75-84% by 14th century]

They survived after opening up the head! [(Enhancement of survival rate)] Now that we think about it, isn't it the gift of God? [(Wait!) / Opposition!] Actually, they didn't need to put a hole in their heads [(Right)] Right! Now we assume that the reason why those people conducted surgery was there were injuries [Hematoma: A collection of blood outside the blood vessel] They knew that hematoma wasn't a black bug, but blood. And to lower the brain pressure, they did it mostly for headaches and mental diseases [(Anyways, they didn't need it)] Anyways, chewing on cocaine made people energetic and anesthetized if they consumed more. So, they didn't feel the pain. It was the gift of God. So, when you see the status of Inca gods, they're holding something in both hands - are those coca leaves? - It's coca tree leaves. Wow! It's coca tree leaves. And if you look at Inca statues from back then

[(Bulky)] One cheek is bulky. It's the expression of chewing the leaves. For them, it was just daily life. Then, in 16th-century Spain, invades [Spain's invasion of the Inca empire]. By then, the Inca empire was already declining, and they were forcefully ruling the tribes around them. So, rather, local Inca people cooperates with Spain to begin the war. It's true that smallpox also played a role, but it was mostly from the bottom-up resistance that the Inca empire fell. Then, was Spain any better? Not at all. The Spanish didn't think of the Incas as people, so they made them participate in hard labor. There were a lot of silver and gold mines, so they made them do Minecraft and didn't feed them well. But the workers were chewing on something? ['Look at them? They're working?'] ['Let's feed people this, instead of food!'] So, when they sent a ship back to Spain, they loaded it with gold and silver.

And lumps of coca tree leaves from the Inca Empire. But this rotted on its way across the ocean. If you're Spanish and you received this package: gold, silver, rotten leaves. ['What are these rotten leaves, I'm going to throw it out.'] Then, in the 1850s, in 1851 and 1855, they were two different people. They extracted cocaine from coca tree leaves. It took that long, until 1850? That recent? Yes, that recent. [Major alkaloids: cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, morphine, quinine.] So, here comes cocaine. At that time, opium tincture was very popular. Opium tincture is like a drink made with opium, right? It is a drink made with opium. [For more, please watch the episode about the history of opium.] But, opium seems even worse because of the Opium War. And now we discovered cocaine. [(Is life all about timing?)] So, there was one brewer.

Who was jealous of the opium tincture? This person makes something called the Mariani wine. It's a drink mixed with cocaine. Grape wine mixed with cocaine. This was so sensational that the record is still not broken. There's a total production wine. Of course, we would make a lot more now compared to that total production. It recorded the highest rate of sales [Mariani, with the highest sales rate]. And a lot of Mariani lovers are very famous [Queen Victoria] and famous French writer Emile Zola, Jules Verne, and the Pope! [(What's up with the line up)] Leo 13th and Edison! The Pope was so impressed after drinking it [How can it be!] [(This is heaven!)] How could someone have made such a great drink? The Pope awarded a gold medal to the inventor Angelo Mariani. Received the Pope's gold medal by mixing cocaine? It's amazing. But then, Mariani was getting too popular. So people start to imitate [Unimaginable identity of the imitation].

United States is far from Europe. So, when they tried to imitate Mariani, they made Coca Cola. In the beginning, Coca Cola was an alcoholic drink. [(I really didn't know this)] Wine mixed with cocaine used to be Coca Cola. But back then, the United States was under Prohibition. [(What a coincidence)] So, they removed the alcohol and just made it into a non-alcoholic drink. It changed the whole identity - right? - Used to mix alcohol with cocaine. But it's Prohibition, so let's just sell cocaine. And obviously, it was wildly popular. But later on, 'Hey, isn't this drug?' 'Maybe it's not good.' Mariani kept on insisting [(Because he made it!)] No, cocaine is good. And we cannot give up the method of making traditional drink [(If you can't give up, compulsory elimination)]. So, Coca Cola removes cocaine and adds caffeine to conquer the market. So, the current market situation. Did people just drink cocaine as a drink?

No. The solid. Solid. A lot of people consume it as powder. Among them, who's the most famous? Godfather of psychiatry Freud? Yes, Sigmund Freud [Sigmund Freud: the founder of psychoanalysis, and the first person to discover unconsciousness]. 'Are you sick?' Try cocaine [(Supporter of cocaine)]. It was so popular. And to find out the effect. He directly put it on his tongue. His tongue was paralyzed. 'I think it will be an effective anesthetic drug?' Back then, general anesthesia existed. But it was very dangerous. And was not credible [Era of local anesthesia]. He had an ophthalmologist friend called Karl Koller. That person [(Improving acting skills)]. Sprinkles Cocaine on the patient's eyes! Then, it was okay to conduct an eye surgery. So, he publishes the results on Lancet [Lancet: the oldest and most credible medical journal]. There was a famous American doctor who was impressed by this article. The person that we all know.

[William Halsted: A romantic doctor who invented the surgical gloves] [Starred on the episode about the history of gloves] 'Wow, this is amazing!' He tries cocaine and becomes addicted. There's something I left out in the episode before. He recognized the problem and tried to stop it for the rest of his life. But he failed. There's one person who helped with this. 'That's not how it's done.' 'Try morphine.' So, this person becomes addicted to morphine and cocaine [(Too unfortunate)]. The value of cocaine as a local anesthetic was incredible. Nothing was better. Moreover, if you see people who do cocaine, their eyes are red from congestion, right? Cocaine congests the blood vessels. So, it not only anesthetizes but also congests the blood vessels. So, there's no bleeding. This is amazing. [Epinephrine: also known as adrenaline, hormonal and neural transmissions substance] - And if you mix epinephrine - There won't be any bleeding.

So, this was the miraculous drug. Epinephrine is a drug that also congests the vessels. Just take the advantages. Like heroin was discovered from morphine. Cocaine led to the discovery of procaine [local anesthetic, used to decrease the pain of the penicillin intramuscular injection]. Procaine, unlike heroin, is not addictive and has an anesthetic effect. But the anesthetic effect of procaine is less and shorter than cocaine. So, it was improved - to become lidocaine. - That's lidocaine? So it has the suffix caine. Cocaine is the ingredient. We still use lidocaine for local anesthesia. When you get a surgery [using an injection to make swollen surface] at the dentists', it's all lidocaine. That's all lidocaine. It congests the blood vessels. And the pain alleviation effect is significant. I also use it a lot for pain alleviation. It was invented in 1943 by improving cocaine. Seeing this - lidocaine was improved from procaine, which was improved from cocaine. - I've heard of procaine, but haven't used it.

Lidocaine's really used a lot. Finding its ingredients and tracking its history. You finally get cocaine. There will be a lot of people. Who's experienced lidocaine. Probably about half of the people. Watching the video. Would have experienced lidocaine in their lives. [(Nakjoon bookstore, soon to be opened)] Probably until next year. In the next episode, I will be back with. Even more fun and interesting history of medicine. [(Bye)] Thank you! [Subscription means health]

신의 선물이라고 불렸던 마약, 코카인의 역사 | 의학의 역사 코카인 편 (feat.악마의 속임수)

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닥터프렌즈

코카인은 안데스 산맥에서 기원하며 기원전 3,000년 전으로 거슬러 올라가는데, 잉카 문명에서는 재배가 시작되기 전부터 자연적으로 사용되던 약물이었습니다.

현대에 코카인이 언급된 것은 금주법 시대와의 연관성과 드라마 나르코-세인트와 같은 대중문화에서 묘사되면서부터입니다.

이집트 미라 속 담배와 코카인의 미스터리

미라의 붕대에서 담배 잎이 발견되어 그 기원과 영국 발굴에 대한 추측이 이어졌습니다.

독일 병리학자 스베틀라나 발라바노바의 조사 결과 여러 이집트 미라에서 마리화나, 코카인, 니코틴이 발견되어 이집트와 남미 간의 상호작용 가능성을 시사했습니다.

북아프리카와 안데스 산맥 사이의 거리는 멀지만 페니키아인들의 해외 무역이 이러한 물질의 교류를 촉진했을 수 있습니다.

잉카 제국의 독특한 문화와 수술

1200년대부터 1400년대까지 통치했던 잉카 제국은 공유 문화와 소량의 코카인이 함유된 코카 잎을 정기적으로 사용하는 것으로 유명했습니다.

제국은 코카인의 마취 효과를 이용한 두부 절개술과 같은 첨단 수술 기술을 개발하여 다른 문명에 비해 수술 생존율이 높았습니다.

14세기까지 잉카 문명의 두부 절개술 생존율은 75-84%로 증가하여 의학의 발전을 보여주었습니다.

잉카 제국에서 마리아니 와인에 이르는 코카인의 영향

코카 잎을 씹어 한쪽 뺨이 부풀어 오른 것은 스페인의 침략과 강제 노동으로 변화한 잉카 사람들의 일상을 반영합니다.

스페인은 금과 은을 얻기 위해 잉카인들을 착취했고, 썩은 코카 잎을 배로 가득 실어 보냈습니다.

1850년대부터 이 잎에서 코카인을 추출하기 시작했고, 코카인을 섞은 감각적인 음료인 마리아니 와인이 만들어져 엄청난 인기를 얻으며 교황을 비롯한 유명 인사들이 찾아왔습니다.

코카콜라는 원래 코카인이 섞인 알코올 음료로 시작되었지만 미국에서 금주법이 시행되면서 알코올이 제거되고 무알코올 음료로 전환되었습니다.

코카콜라의 인기는 치솟았지만 마약 성분에 대한 우려가 제기되면서 코카콜라는 코카인을 제거하고 카페인을 추가했습니다.

지그문트 프로이트와 윌리엄 할스테드 같은 인물이 코카인에 중독되어 효과적인 마취제를 찾게 되는 등 코카인의 영향력은 상당했습니다.

에피네프린은 혈관을 수축시키는 약물로, 중독성이 없는 국소 마취제인 프로카인의 발견과 관련이 있습니다.

이후 프로카인은 개량되어 국소 마취 및 통증 완화에 일반적으로 사용되는 리도카인이 탄생했습니다.

리도카인의 개발은 코카인이 원재료인 이전 약물의 영향을 받았습니다.