구글의 윌로우: 양자 컴퓨팅 기술의 발전

### 구글 퀀텀 AI, 윌로우를 공개하다: 양자 컴퓨팅의 다음 단계 도약
* 🖥 구글 퀀텀 AI는 자연 시스템처럼 진화하고 양자 컴퓨팅 기능을 향상하도록 설계된 **최신 초전도 양자 컴퓨팅 칩인 Willow**를 출시했습니다.
* 🔬 구글 퀀텀 AI의 하드웨어 디렉터인 줄리안 켈리는 **양자 컴퓨팅에 대한 오랜 열정**과 이전에는 해결할 수 없었던 문제를 해결하는 기계를 만들기 위한 팀의 노력을 표현했습니다.
* 🚀 폭스테일, 브리슬콘, 시카모어와 같은 이전 칩에 이어 윌로우는 **양자 일관성 시간이 시카모어의 20마이크로초에서 100마이크로초로 향상**된 상당한 발전을 이뤘습니다.
* 📈 이러한 개선은 산타바바라의 새로운 제조 시설 덕분에 **논리적 큐비트가 임계 양자 오류 수정 임계값 이하에서 작동**할 수 있는 획기적인 기술이 가능해졌기 때문입니다.
* ⏳ 윌로우의 성능을 선도적인 슈퍼컴퓨터와 테스트한 결과, **윌로우가 5분 이내에 계산하는 데 슈퍼컴퓨터는 약 10^25년이 걸리는 것**으로 나타나 양자 컴퓨팅의 방대한 잠재력을 보여줬습니다.
* ⚙ 튜너블 회로와 TRIN 큐비트를 비롯한 Google 퀀텀 AI의 하드웨어 혁신은 **낮은 오류율과 높은 연결성**을 촉진하여 다양한 애플리케이션에서 향상된 성능을 발휘할 수 있도록 지원합니다.
* 🌟 Google은 Willow를 통해 제약, 배터리, 핵융합 발전과 같은 분야의 실용적인 응용 분야를 목표로 **오류 수정이 가능한 대규모 양자 컴퓨터의 기반**을 마련하는 것을 목표로 하고 있습니다.
* 🔮 구글 퀀텀 AI는 과학과 기술의 경계를 계속 넓혀가며 **미래의 복잡한 문제를 해결하고자 하는 열망**으로 미래가 유망해 보입니다.

Google의 최신 양자 컴퓨팅 칩인 Willow는 일관성 시간을 크게 향상시켜 양자 컴퓨팅의 한계를 뛰어넘습니다.

[Music] Introducing our latest quantum computing chip, developed to learn and evolve like the natural world around us: Willow, from Google Quantum AI. [Music] Hi, I'm Julian Kelly, director of hardware at Google Quantum AI, and today, on behalf of our amazing team, I'm proud

to announce Willow. Willow is Google's newest and most powerful superconducting quantum computing chip and the next step in our path towards building large-scale quantum computers and exploring their applications. I have been fascinated with quantum computing since I first experimented with qubits in 2008, and

since coming to Google in 2015, it has been a dream to make our mission our reality: building quantum computers for otherwise unsolvable problems. We launched our first chip, Foxtail, in 2017, followed by Bristlecone in 2018 and Sycamore in 2019, which

powered our Milestone one: the first quantum computer to surpass the best classical supercomputer on a computational task—random circuit sampling. Over the years with Sycamore, we have been able to squeeze a remarkable amount of performance from our hardware, including achieving a scalable logical

qubit in our Milestone two. But we've ultimately been limited by quantum coherence times—the length of time qubits maintain their intended state. With Willow, we've made a huge step forward. We've increased quantum coherence times by a factor of five, going from 20 microseconds

in Sycamore to 100 microseconds in Willow. And we've accomplished this all without sacrificing any of the features that made our systems so successful. This advancement was enabled by our new dedicated superconducting quantum chip fabrication facility in Santa Barbara, one of only a few in the

World, and we're seeing exciting developments coming from Willow, which has already surpassed Sycamore's breakthrough demonstrations. Our logical qubits now operate below the critical quantum error correction threshold, a long sought-after goal for the quantum computing field.

Since the theory was discovered in the 90s, and we've achieved it for the first time with Willow. Errors are exponentially suppressed in our logical qubits as error rates are halved each time we add physical qubits in scale from distance 3 to 5 to 7 surface codes.

Additionally, our logical qubit lifetimes are now much longer than all of the lifetimes of the physical qubits that compose them. This means that even as we make our quantum chips larger and more complex by adding more qubits, we can use quantum error correction to actually

improve their accuracy. We've pitted Willow against one of the world's most powerful supercomputers with the random circuit sampling benchmark. The results are pretty surprising. By our best estimates, a calculation that takes Willow under five minutes would take the

fastest supercomputer 10 to the 25th years—that's 10 with 25 zeros following it—or a time scale way longer than the age of the universe. This result highlights the exponentially growing gap between classical and quantum computation for

certain applications. Let's talk about the hardware approach we've pioneered at Google Quantum AI that makes these things possible. Our tunable circuits and couplers enable super-fast gates and operations to achieve low error rates, reconfigurability to optimize hardware in situ, and run

Multiple applications and high connectivity efficiently express algorithms. We leverage this tunability to enable reproducible, high performance across the device. Let me explain a challenge in superconducting cubits: not all of them are created equal. Some are outliers with

uncharacteristically high errors. But here's where our TRIN cubits really shine. We're able to fix these outlier cubits by reconfiguring them to perform in line with the rest of the device. And we can go one step further by having our

researchers use tunability to continuously develop new calibration strategies that push errors down across all key bits with software. Let's quantify this and nerd out for a minute on quantum computer tech specs. We have: number of cubits; connectivity (the average number of

interactions each qubit can perform with its neighbors); we quantify error probabilities for running simultaneous operations: single-qubit gates, two-qubit gates, and measurement; coherence time (measures how long each qubit can retain its information); measurement rate (how many computations we can run per second).

Application performance is a full-system benchmark. Willow hits a sweet spot across the full list. It has a large number of qubits with high connectivity and can run diverse applications. We measure low mean error rates across all operations with multiple native two-qubit gates. We have greatly increased T1 times,

we have very high measurement rates, and Willow is below the error correction threshold and performs random circuit sampling far beyond what is possible with classical computers. Looking to the future with Willow, we continue our journey towards building large-scale and useful, error-corrected quantum computers that will

Push the boundaries of science and the exploration of nature, with future commercially useful applications in areas like pharmaceuticals, batteries, and fusion power. We are excited to solve the otherwise unsolvable problems of tomorrow.

Google Quantum AI Reveals Willow Quantum Computing Chip

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Willow와 Google의 양자 컴퓨팅 여정 소개

Google의 최신 양자 컴퓨팅 칩인 Willow를 소개합니다.

Willow는 Google의 가장 강력한 초전도 양자 컴퓨팅 칩입니다.

이전 칩에 대한 언급: 폭스테일, 브리슬콘, 시카모어.

시카모어는 기존 슈퍼컴퓨터를 능가하는 최초의 양자 컴퓨터를 개발했습니다.

윌로우는 시카모어에 비해 양자 일관성이 5배 증가했습니다.

Willow는 시카모어의 시연을 뛰어넘어 양자 컴퓨팅 분야에서 오랫동안 추구해 온 목표를 달성했습니다.

표면 코드를 사용하는 논리적 큐비트에서는 오류가 기하급수적으로 억제됩니다.

논리적 큐비트 수명은 물리적 큐비트 수명보다 더 깁니다.

Willow는 무작위 회로 샘플링 벤치마크에서 슈퍼컴퓨터를 큰 차이로 능가합니다.

하드웨어 접근 방식 및 기술 사양

조정 가능한 회로와 커플러를 사용하면 빠른 게이트, 재구성 가능성, 효율적인 알고리즘 표현이 가능합니다.

TRIN 큐비트는 재구성을 통해 오류가 많은 이상값 큐비트를 해결합니다.

연구원들은 튜닝 기능을 사용하여 오류를 줄이기 위한 보정 전략을 개발합니다.

Willow의 세부 사양: 큐비트 수, 연결성, 오류 확률, 일관성 시간 및 측정 속도.

Willow는 낮은 오류율과 높은 측정 속도를 달성하며 성능 면에서 기존 컴퓨터를 능가합니다.

향후 목표에는 오류 수정이 가능한 대규모 양자 컴퓨터 구축이 포함됩니다.

제약, 배터리 및 핵융합 발전 분야에서 잠재적인 응용 분야.