디자이너 아기: 크리스퍼 기술과 유전 공학을 통한 인류 진화의 미래

### 유전자 혁명: 크리스퍼, 디자이너 아기, 그리고 진화의 미래
* 🦠 생명의 태동 이래 진화는 생존을 위한 것이었지만, 현대 기술은 유전 공학을 통해 인간을 포함한 종을 변형할 수 있게 되었습니다.
* 뎅기열 퇴치를 위해 매주 80만 마리의 유전자 변형 모기를 방류하고 있으며, 그 결과 대상 지역에서 뎅기열을 옮기는 모기가 90% 이상 감소했습니다.
* 🐖 스코틀랜드의 브루스 화이트로우 박사는 실험실에서 만든 유전자를 동물 게놈에 삽입하는 형질전환 기술을 이용해 아프리카돼지열병에 내성을 가진 돼지를 만드는 연구를 진행하고 있습니다.
* 🔬 과학자들은 획기적인 CRISPR-Cas9 기술을 통해 DNA를 정밀하게 편집하여 인간 배아에 대한 안전성은 아직 불확실하지만 인간 유전자를 변경할 수 있는 가능성을 높이고 있습니다.
* 👶 미국에서는 제프리 스타인버그 박사가 착상 전 유전자 진단(PGD)을 통해 배아를 분석하여 부모가 성별 선택과 잠재적 눈 색깔을 포함한 형질을 선택하고 질병을 선별할 수 있도록 지원합니다.
* 🌍 중국과 같은 국가에서는 이 분야에서 전략적 우위를 점하기 위해 유전자 연구에 3,080억 달러 이상을 배정하는 등 생명공학에 막대한 투자를 하고 있습니다.
* ⚖ 유전자 기술이 발전함에 따라 디자이너 아기의 영향과 유전적 격차가 사회에 미칠 가능성에 대한 우려가 커지고 있으며, 유전적 발전이 격차를 만들 수 있는 미래로 이어질 수 있습니다.
* ⏳ 40억 년의 진화 끝에 우리는 유전적 운명을 통제할 수 있게 되었으며, 이러한 권력의 윤리적 파급 효과와 인류에 미치는 영향에 대한 의문이 제기되고 있습니다.

과학자들은 크리스퍼 기술을 통해 원치 않는 유전자를 원하는 유전자로 대체하여 유전자를 편집할 수 있습니다.

Since the beginning of life on Earth, evolution has been steered by the demands of survival in the natural world. However, today, new technology is completely upending that process, allowing us to alter different species as we go forward,

including our own. So how is it that mosquitoes are genetically modified? What's different about these mosquitoes than any other mosquitoes? These mosquitoes have been genetically modified to breed with, and eliminate, their own species in an urgent attempt to wipe out carriers of dengue fever.

Every week, 800,000 of these mosquitoes are being released into the wild. It's crazy to think that you're trying to solve the dengue fever problem by releasing so many mosquitoes into the wild. Neighborhoods targeted by the program

are seeing a more than 90% reduction in dengue-carrying mosquitoes. These doctored mosquitoes are part of a larger movement to produce animals that fight the diseases they spread. In Scotland, in the same facility

that produced Dolly the sheep, the first-ever cloned animal, Dr. Bruce Whitelaw is trying to create pigs that are resistant to African swine fever. He's an expert in a field called transgenics.

So what "transgenic" means is that you've taken a gene, which you have constructed in the laboratory, and you've introduced it into the genome of the animal. When you look at this snout here, you'll see it's got a yellow tinge to it.

Hey, piggy, piggy. So what they've done is they've taken the fluorescent gene, which is naturally present in jellyfish, and they've put it inside these pigs as a little marker so they know which ones are transgenic or not.

In the past, genetic engineering technologies often used visual markers like this to prove that they even worked. But the science has recently taken a huge step forward. The breakthrough is a molecular technology called CRISPR-Cas9. It's a protein that uses molecular blades

to make cuts in host DNA, replacing genes you don't want with genes you do. It has the power to transform every form of life as we know it. It's all about a way of editing genes, known as CRISPR.

CRISPR is being described as a game changer. The Breakthrough Prize is awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna. Jennifer Doudna, a leading professor of chemistry and biology at UC Berkeley, co-discovered CRISPR.

Really, what we're doing with the CRISPR technology is we're using it as a scalpel, a very precise cleaver, that makes breaks in the DNA where we, as scientists, want to introduce changes. DNA is the computer program that runs the cell.

What if there's a mistake somewhere in that code? CRISPR technology allows us to find the place where this mistake has occurred in the DNA and allow the cell to correct that mistake. And within just a few months of the publication of our initial work,

Many scientists were testing it in plants, animals, and in all cases, it was working extremely well. We really have to, actually, for the first time, confront this possibility of being able to alter human beings in the future and the wisdom of doing that.

One reason for that caution is that CRISPR edits are so easy to apply across all species. At New York University, researcher Michael Perry is looking at the genes that affect butterflies' vision. In this case, we're going to try to edit a gene

that we think might be involved in making the butterfly eye able to see more colors than other types of insects. Okay, so now the needle is in the egg. So now you can see some yolk being displaced. Yeah. Okay, and that's it.

It's as simple as that? It's as simple as that. That's one edited gene? That is one edited genome. So how different would this process look if you were injecting human embryos? Not my specialty. In theory, applying CRISPR to humans

could eliminate diseases and steer our evolution. The problem is that, so far, we can't always predict what will happen. The antenna is drooping. Its legs haven't formulated properly. And the color is gone on the wings.

Right. We knew from research in fruit flies that this gene played a role in developing antennae and in producing bristles on the legs, but we didn't expect a role in wing pattern. And so, even in this gene that was reasonably well studied,

We could predict what some of the effects would be. We did not expect a role in color pattern. Do you think that this kind of technology will fundamentally impact our future? Everyone is excited about CRISPR. I think it really is going to change biology in general.

While CRISPR is not yet considered safe to use on human embryos, genetic selection is already happening in the US. Dr. Jeffrey Steinberg is using a process known as PGD to genetically analyze embryos and allow parents to screen for diseases

and even choose favorable traits in their children. PGD stands for Pre-implantation -- before it goes back to Mom -- Genetic Diagnosis. And that way we're able to make these decisions that the parents want to make before they get the embryo.

Mm-hmm. And so the purpose of that is to identify certain diseases that might exist in certain embryos... Exactly. ...and also the sex. Right, we can identify gender with almost 100% certainty. So what are we looking at here? This is a PGD report.

So this is a PGD report from the laboratory. So these embryos were biopsied yesterday. So here we have an embryo -- 46 chromosomes, which is normal. XX means girl. The next one -- 46 chromosomes, also normal.

But it's XY instead of XX. So this is a normal male. The couple wants a baby with blue eyes. They've got three girls. They said, "Can we get a boy, and can the boy have blue eyes?"

And what we got back was a report showing that embryo number five and embryo number seven carry the genes for blue eyes. It's just a case of selecting which ones you want to put in there. Exactly. Exactly. So we asked Mom and Dad,

"Here's what we've got. What do you want?" We met with Deborah and Jonathan, one of thousands of couples across the country who have chosen to use PGD. It sounds like a no-brainer, you know,

if you want to be able to test for more diseases and have the healthiest child that you can. And you also chose to have sex selection, right? Yep, right. Yeah, we're picking a girl. We both want to have a baby girl.

Were there any other traits that you were selecting for or that you had the option to select for? I think we'll be offered eye color. Well, when we met with Dr. Steinberg, they're-- the advances they're making are pretty incredible.

We had no idea about eye color, but that is something that he offers. We're not doing eye color. You're going in for your actual retrieval process tomorrow, is that right? How are you feeling? Very nervous.

So here we go, a little pinch. Just hold real still. In Dr. Steinberg's clinic, Deborah's eggs were removed to be fertilized and then genetically analyzed. So we finished the first two. We're going to pass that off. So they've got the fluid now.

They're going to be taking a look under the microscope, and we'll find that first egg for you. And here you can see what these technicians are doing. This is an egg? Two eggs? A little pinch again. Here comes another one.

Just egg-hunting. Sixteen eggs. You did great. We're taking one sperm and we're injecting it into the yolk of the human egg. There's the needle. You can see one little sperm swimming up inside of the needle.

And now he's very gently going to push the tip of the needle into the yolk of the egg. So that's it? It's fertilized. It's a fertilized egg. Wow. So where's this PGD technology heading? What's next, after eye color?

The next place that it's headed is towards being able to diagnose more and more diseases. And the final place that it's headed is into allowing us to select more and more elective traits, characteristics.

Such as? Height, weight. How soon before we can select for height? I mean, I can give you a five-year estimate. Five years before we can select for height? Yeah. The global push to develop these technologies is only intensifying.

So we spoke to Jamie Metzl, an expert in both genomics and foreign policy. Ultimately, humans are a data set. And as our computing power increases, we're able to look at these extremely complex genetics and then pull all the pieces together.

and do genome-wide association studies to try to figure out what genes do what. So, does that mean that the countries or the societies with the most data on genetics are leading the way in terms of national competitiveness? We are at the very early stage of this revolution.

And, like in any revolution and any transformation, first movers always have a strategic advantage. China has identified biotechnology as a strategic pillar in their most recent five-year plan. That 2011 plan devoted more than $308 billion to biotechnology.

It's paving the way for a large-scale, assembly-line approach to decoding the specific functions of genes. In Nanjing, CRISPR technology is now being used to edit the genes of mice in an effort to isolate desired traits.

We're at the National Resource Center for Mutant Mice. This is where they edit hundreds of thousands of different types of mice. What we're looking at down these microscopes are tiny, tiny little mouse embryos. And what they're doing is, they're injecting them.

So they're editing the mouse embryos right here. Wow, that's a lot of embryos. Wow. What are they doing here? These guys here are being edited, so the result is that they're completely bald. These ones here-- they're missing

the metabolism gene, which means that they're very, very fat. In this room, they could hold the key to curing aging, to curing diabetes, to curing cancer. There's just so much possibility held in this room of rodents. The mouse genome is 85% similar to the human genome.

So, unlocking their gene functions could be critical to understanding our own traits. And that could be huge here, where pre-birth services are already in massive demand. We watched as couples lined up down the block for different types of fertility procedures.

Some of these people have been queuing outside this Beijing public hospital since 2:00 a.m. It's like a stampede in here. Everyone's just racing to get an appointment so they can hopefully see an IVF doctor.

And as thousands and thousands of couples choose the latest available treatments, the future is quickly approaching. Companies are now developing sequencers that decode genes at record speeds. And all that data will eventually be funneled here,

into one of the largest gene banks in the world. In here, they're going to be storing 1.15 million people's human genomes. This is pretty representative of China's massive commitment and big, big push for the genetics industry.

But as the industry grows, so does our concern about where it's headed. Outrage over the latest move toward designer babies. For the first time, Chinese scientists used new technology to alter DNA in human embryos. Serious implications of designer babies.

It will take us down a slippery slope. This technology continues to advance. And with parents potentially being offered more and more traits for purchase, we may be altering the future of the human race itself. So, how much are we moving?

towards a future of genetic haves and have-nots? Certainly, there is the danger of the more advantaged people in society today becoming even more advantaged. And that's very dangerous. The worst-case scenario is that we get into some type of genetic arms race,

where people are manufacturing their children. After four billion years of evolution, we are now beginning a process where we will take active control of our evolution. And the consequences of that are incredible. If you had a time machine,

and you traveled a thousand years into the future and brought a child back to today, that kid would be Superman.

VICE: Unnatural Selection

Prof. Watson HUFS ELLT

진화는 자연 선택에 의해 이루어졌지만 유전자 변형과 같은 새로운 기술이 이 과정을 변화시켜 인간을 포함한 종을 변화시킬 수 있게 되었습니다.

뎅기열을 옮기는 모기 개체수를 제거하여 뎅기열을 퇴치하기 위해 유전자 변형 모기가 출시되고 있습니다.

이 프로그램을 통해 대상 지역에서는 뎅기열을 옮기는 모기가 크게 감소했습니다.

과학자들은 아프리카돼지열병에 내성이 있는 돼지 등 질병에 강한 동물을 만들기 위해 노력하고 있습니다.

해파리 유전자를 가진 돼지와 같은 형질 전환 동물은 실험실에서 만든 유전자를 게놈에 도입하여 만들어집니다.

형광 유전자 같은 시각적 마커는 형질 전환 동물을 식별하는 데 처음에 사용되었습니다.

CRISPR-Cas9 기술은 DNA 염기서열을 자르고 대체하여 정밀한 유전자 편집을 가능하게 합니다.

크리스퍼는 유전적 오류를 교정할 수 있는 혁신적인 유전자 편집 도구로, 우리가 알고 있는 생명을 변화시킬 수 있는 잠재력을 가지고 있습니다.

CRISPR은 정밀한 메스처럼 작동하여 특정 DNA 위치를 표적으로 삼아 편집합니다.

이 기술은 다양한 유기체를 대상으로 성공적으로 테스트되었으며, 인간에게 적용하는 것에 대한 윤리적 의문이 제기되고 있습니다.

나비를 비롯한 다양한 종에 대한 CRISPR의 적용은 유전자 편집의 잠재력과 예상치 못한 결과를 강조합니다.

나비 알에 크리스퍼를 주입하는 과정을 시연합니다.

나비의 날개 패턴에 대한 예상치 못한 영향과 같이 유전자 편집의 예측할 수 없는 결과에 대해 논의합니다.

PGD(착상 전 유전자 진단)를 통해 부모는 배아의 질병을 검사하고 바람직한 형질을 선택할 수 있습니다.

PGD를 통해 부모는 착상 전에 배아에 대한 결정을 내릴 수 있습니다.

PGD 보고서 예시는 배아에서 성별 및 기타 특성을 식별하는 방법을 보여줍니다.

파란 눈과 성별에 대한 커플의 선택에 대해 논의합니다.

PGD의 미래에는 더 많은 질병을 진단하고 키와 몸무게와 같은 더 많은 선택적 특성을 선택하는 것이 포함됩니다.

복잡한 유전학을 분석하는 능력이 향상됨에 따라 유전적 우열에 대한 우려가 커지고 있습니다.

더 많은 유전자 데이터를 보유한 국가가 이 분야에서 경쟁 우위를 점할 수 있습니다.

생명공학에 대한 중국의 막대한 투자와 유전자 해독에 대한 대규모 접근 방식이 주목받고 있습니다.