전기의 이해 원자, 전하, 흐름

전기는 원자 내 전자의 움직임으로 도체에서 전하의 흐름을 만들어냅니다.

### 전기의 이해 원자, 전하, 회로 이해하기
* ⚛ 원자는 **원자핵의 양성자와 중성자**로 구성되며, **전자는 껍질 주위를 돌고 있는 전자와 함께 핵 주위를 돌고 있습니다**. 전자의 움직임이 전류를 형성하기 때문에 **전자는 전기를 담당**합니다.
* ⚡ 원자가 전자를 얻거나 잃으면 전하가 바뀝니다. **양성자보다 전자가 적으면 양전하**를 띠고, **전자가 많으면 음전하**를 띠게 됩니다.
* 🔋 전기의 흐름을 만들려면 **연속적인 전기 회로**가 구축되어야 합니다. 이 회로는 **전자의 공급원과 전자의 유인체**를 연결하여 전자가 도체를 통해 이동할 수 있도록 합니다.
* 🔌 배터리와 플러그 등 모든 전기 장치는 **회로에서 전자 흐름의 원리**를 기반으로 작동합니다.
* - 정전기는 **도체와 절연체 사이에 전하 불균형**이 발생할 때 발생합니다. 도체는 **전자 이동도가 높은** 반면 절연체는 **전자 이동도가 낮습니다**.
* 🔥 전자 흐름이 저항을 만나지 않을 때 발생하는 단락은 과열로 이어질 수 있어 위험할 수 있습니다. **퓨즈는 전류가 너무 높아지면 전류를 차단하여 손상이나 화재를 방지**하는 데 사용됩니다.
* 📝 다음 전기 관련 동영상에서는 **발전, 저항, 전압, 암페어, 배터리, 퓨즈, 모터, 변압기** 등의 주제를 다룰 예정입니다. 채널을 구독하여 업데이트를 받아보세요.

Electricity is vital to our civilization. So, what is electricity, and how does it work? To explain electricity, we need to zoom past the molecular and into the atomic level. Atoms are the smallest things we can kind of see, but not with the naked eye. Only with a scanning tunneling microscope can we get a glimpse of somewhat fuzzy spheres. To really understand electricity, we must go even further and look inside an atom. This is where it gets complicated because the inside of an atom cannot be seen, at least not at the time of writing. So, we’ll use this representation of the inside of an atom. This is called the Bohr model. Keep in mind that it is not to scale and only two-dimensional. This model is also known as the planetary model, modeling the parts of an atom as planets orbiting a sun – or moons around a planet. While actually, these orbiting moons are not at any one place at any one time at all, but

exist more as regions, or clouds, around the
core. However inaccurate the Bohr-model might be,
it will do for our explanation of electricity. Atoms consist of protons and neutrons; these
form the nucleus of the atom. Orbiting the nucleus are the electrons. It’s these electrons that are responsible
for electricity, hence the name. Think of these orbits more as shells, surrounding
the nucleus. What type of atom – which element – it
is, is defined by the number of protons in the nucleus, at the centre. Atoms of one element all have the same number
of protons, but can have different numbers of neutrons and electrons. It’s this variable number of electrons
that is important to our understanding. Electrons – which are far lighter than the
protons in the nucleus – can relatively easily move. And this is important because the movement
of electrons is what forms an electric current. The atom’s protons account for the positive
charge of the nucleus, and the electrons for

the negative charge. In a stable, resting, or rather, neutral electrical
condition, these charges balance each other out within the atom. This gives the atom a net electric charge
of zero, for each positive proton, you will find one negative electron. In this state, the atom is at its lowest possible
energy level, which we call the ground state of the atom. However, we can change the atom’s charge,
or energy level, by causing it to gain or lose electrons. When the atom has fewer electrons than protons,
it becomes positively charged. But when the atom has more electrons than
protons, the net charge swings back the other way, and it becomes negatively charged. More electrons than protons mean the atom
is negatively charged; fewer electrons than protons mean it is positively charged. Losing or gaining electrons changes the atom’s
electric charge. The remainder of this video, we will color
code the atoms, as follows: A positive charge – or absence of electrons
– is represented with red.

A negative charge – a surplus of electrons – is represented with blue. A neutral charge – or a balance between electrons and protons – is represented by a blend of red and blue: Purple. So, when in a ground state or uncharged, it looks like this – and it’s called an atom. When charged, negatively or positively, it looks like these. Instead of atoms, when there is a charge, they are called a negative or positive ion. Each shell of an atom can hold a maximum number of electrons. The inner shell can hold 2 electrons, the second can hold 8, the third 18, and there are elements with all seven known shells. Shells are populated with electrons from the inside out. Meaning that added electrons always go for the inner-most shell possible with a spot left. The number of electrons on the outermost shell determines the reactivity of the atom. This shell is called the valence shell, and its electrons are called valence electrons.

When the outermost shell is full, the atom is generally stable and least reactive. You may be familiar with the term and effects of static electricity. When you, for instance, shuffle your feet over a nice, soft carpet… …you build up a positive charge, because negatively charged electrons are being lost to the carpet. Carpets are often made from a material with the properties of an insulator. Insulators do not easily give up electrons, but can get a local charge when electrons from a conductor are rubbed off on them. These electrons will just sit there until something else takes them away. An insulator’s valence shell is already quite full of electrons. However, your body is a conductor. Conductors have loosely bound valence electrons, which are easily transferred or lost, in this case from your body to the area of the carpet where you’re shuffling. Instead of you and the carpet having a neutral charge, a charge imbalance is being created.

between you and the carpet. Now, when you touch a metal object, for instance
a door knob, you get zapped. The door knob may be neutrally charged: it
is metal. And, metals too, are conductors, with loosely
bound electrons on the outer shells of their atoms. These electrons immediately move to your body
to restore the charge imbalance, giving you a jolt. Nature always seeks a neutral charge equilibrium,
a net charge of zero. Materials with high electron mobility, are
called conductors. Materials with low electron mobility, are
called insulators. A commonplace object where you can see an
insulator and conductor working together, is in a simple wire. This electrical wire has a copper core and
a plastic shell. Copper atoms have a very loosely bound electron
on the outside, as seen here again using the Bohr model. This makes copper a perfect conductor, whereas
the plastic is an insulator. The millions, if not billions, of copper atoms
in this piece of wire, easily exchange electrons.

allowing us to make an electrical circuit
with it. Think of an electrical circuit as a path that
connects two points with a possible charge imbalance, usually connecting a negatively
charged point to a positively charged. Like marbles in a tube moving from a high
place full of marbles to a low place lacking marbles. Imagine these marbles all along the circuit,
each marble being an electron. These marbles originate from a power source,
for instance a battery. And we’ll explain how batteries work exactly,
in a future video. Electrons move from the negative to the positive,
as we’ve established earlier. The battery pushes out electrons from one
end and attracts them from the other. As one is pulled in, one is pushed out. Despite the electrons moving relatively slowly,
this effect causes the energy to be transferred almost instantaneously. To create such a flow of electrons, we must
provide them a path with a conductor, such as the copper within our wire.

If this path is blocked by an insulator, such as plastic, rubber, or air in the case of a cut wire, the electrons cannot continue to flow – stopping the electric current. The key to the flow of electricity is making a continuous electrical circuit. Connecting a wire between a source of electrons, and an attractor of electrons. All electrical devices are powered this way, that is why your battery has two poles: A source and an attractor, a negative and a positive. This is also why your electrical plug has at least two tongs, one for incoming electrons, one for outgoing. You see, electrons are not spent, they do not cease existing: They are mere carriers of charge and can only be useful on their way to their destination. Take note, that connecting two poles of a power source directly, can actually be very dangerous(!) This is what’s called a short circuit, because there is nothing between the source and the

destination of electrons, to power, such as
a lamp or television. This means that the electron flow will not
encounter any resistance. The release of energy, when short circuiting,
is there for instant, often paired with the involved wire heating dangerously. This is why buildings and some devices have
fuses. These automatically cut the current flow when the current becomes too high, preventing
damage or worse: Fire. In the next videos on electricity, we’ll
learn more about generating power, resistance, voltage, amperes, batteries, fuses, motors,
transformers, and more. Subscribe and hit that bell to get notified
when a new video drops. If you can, share this video with someone
who can appreciate it. Your support is what keeps me making these
videos. Thanks to you and my patrons on Patreon, this
channel is possible. Click to see another video or to subscribe. Sources in the description and thank you
for watching.

What is electricity? - Electricity Explained - (1)

Into The Ordinary is explaining the ordinary, the everyday, the common and the overlooked. Know the world around you. Sister channel to Why On Earth.

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Into The Ordinary

전기는 원자핵 주위의 전자가 움직이면서 생성됩니다.

전자의 비교적 쉬운 이동이 전류를 형성하기 때문에 원자에 있는 전자의 수는 매우 중요합니다.

원자핵의 양성자는 양전하를 띠고 전자는 음전하를 띠며 전기를 담당합니다.

원자는 일반적으로 양성자와 전자의 수가 균형 잡힌 중성 상태이며, 이를 기저 상태라고 합니다.

전자를 얻거나 잃으면 원자는 각각 양전하 또는 음전하를 띠게 됩니다.

원자의 반응성은 원자의 가장 바깥쪽 껍질인 원자가 껍질에 있는 전자 수에 따라 결정됩니다.

정전기에서 도체와 절연체의 역할

카펫 위에서 셔플을 하면 절연체인 카펫이 전자를 쉽게 포기하지 않기 때문에 전자가 손실되어 신체는 양전하를 축적하게 됩니다.

몸(도체)과 카펫(절연체) 사이에 생긴 전하 불균형은 금속 물체에 닿으면 전자를 전달하여 균형을 회복하기 때문에 충격을 받게 되는데, 역시 도체인 금속이 전자를 전달하여 균형을 회복합니다.

도체는 전자 이동도가 높은 반면 절연체는 전자 이동도가 낮아 전선처럼 구리 코어가 도체 역할을 하고 플라스틱 껍질이 절연체 역할을 하는 일반적인 물체에서 함께 작동하는 경우가 많습니다.

전기 회로와 전자의 역할에 대한 이해

전기 회로는 음전하에서 양전하로 전자가 흐르는 통로입니다.

전자는 음극 끝에서 밀려나 배터리의 양극 끝으로 끌어당겨져 연속적인 흐름을 만들어냅니다.

플라스틱이나 고무와 같은 절연체가 전류를 차단할 수 있으므로 이 흐름의 핵심은 도체 경로를 제공하는 것입니다.

전자 흐름은 램프나 텔레비전과 같은 기기에 전력을 공급하며, 특히 에너지가 순간적으로 방출되는 단락 시에는 더욱 그렇습니다.

단락은 위험한 전선 가열로 이어질 수 있지만 건물과 기기의 퓨즈는 전류 흐름을 차단하여 손상과 화재를 방지합니다.

다음 전기 관련 동영상에서는 발전, 저항, 전압, 암페어, 배터리, 퓨즈, 모터, 변압기에 대해 다룰 예정입니다.