교육에 대해 다시 생각하기: 교육과 학습의 철학

### 교육에 대해 다시 생각하기: 전통과 진보의 철학 탐구하기
* 🏫 학교의 목적이 당연하게 여겨지는 경우가 많아 **커리큘럼과 교사와 학생의 역할에 대한 성찰**을 촉구합니다.
* 📚 교육에 대한 논쟁은 일반적으로 **고정된 커리큘럼과 교사 중심의 교육**을 강조하는 전통적인 모델과 **학생 참여와 흥미 중심의 학습**을 옹호하는 진보적 모델을 대조합니다.
* 🧑 프랭크 스미스가 주장한 전통적인 교육은 **교사를 주요 지식 보유자**로 삼아 사회 기능에 필수적이라고 여겨지는 특정 지식 집합에 초점을 맞췄습니다.
* 🌱 반대로 진보적 교육은 학생들이 자신의 관심사에 참여하도록 장려하여 **다양한 과목을 혼합한 환경 연구와 같은 체험 학습과 문제 해결**로 이어집니다.
* 📖 본질주의와 영속주의는 전통적인 관점을 대표하는 반면, **진보주의, 사회 재건주의, 실존주의**는 진보적 실천을 지향하는 다섯 가지 교육 철학이 이 스펙트럼 안에서 등장합니다.
* 👨 아서 베스터가 가르친 본질주의는 **핵심 과목에 초점을 맞춘 미리 정해진 커리큘럼과 표준화된 시험**을 통한 규율과 시민 의식의 개발을 강조합니다.
* 📜 모티머 아들러로 대표되는 다년생주의는 **위대한 문헌에서 발견되는 시대를 초월한 진리와 지적 성장을 촉진하는 과학적 방법**의 중요성을 강조합니다.
* 🌍 조지 애즈 카운트가 주도한 사회 재건주의와 A.S. 닐이 옹호한 실존주의는 **교육 규범에 의문을 제기**하고 학생들이 개인적인 관심사와 사회적 필요에 따라 학습 경험을 형성할 수 있도록 허용해야 한다고 주장합니다.

교육 철학은 다양하며, 전통적인 교사 주도 방식과 학생 중심의 진보적인 접근 방식이 균형을 이루고 있습니다.

oh hey there. I don't bump into too many people walking around old classrooms like this, but you know, being here really makes me think about what is the purpose of school and why do we make kids go every day, you know. What should the curriculum be and what should the role of teachers and students be in the classroom. I think these are important questions, but sometimes we don't think about them because we just assume schools should be the way they were for us. So today, I'm going to conjure up some old educational philosophers from the dead to help you rethink the purpose of schools. Oh hey there again. So debates about what education should be have often been framed in terms of traditional and progressive education. Advocates for traditional educational models generally hold that there is a specific curriculum, whether that be reading, writing, and arithmetic, the basics of math, science, English, and history, or the great works of history, that students must learn to function in society. Therefore, it is the work of the teacher to deposit such knowledge into the heads of students in

such a setting, students should be obedient in classrooms orderly. It is ironic that this approach to education is considered traditional because, as Frank Smith argues, traditional methods are a rather recent invention in human history. On the other hand, advocates for progressive educational models tend to argue that students' interests and voices should be included or even guide the curriculum of study. Units of study might start with students' questions, which can then become the motivation for projects within and outside of the classroom or school. Such an approach often integrates different types and subjects of learning, as students, for example, conduct an environmental study of their school, which emphasizes math and science skills, and then utilize English and civics skills to lobby the city or district for more recycle bins, a school garden, or better sidewalks. Students learn not only content through these participatory experiences but also how to learn to problem-solve and engage in democracy in practice. Though reality is much more complex than these two models, educational experiences can fit somewhere on a spectrum as being more traditional or more progressive in the

rest of this video. We're going to introduce you to five educational philosophies. Two philosophies, essentialism and perennialism, tend to be considered traditional because curriculum is predetermined and primarily teacher-centered. Three philosophies, progressivism, social reconstructionism, and existentialism, are considered progressive because students are involved in determining curriculum and actively engaged in experiences. So now, without further ado, let's bring back some of those educational philosophers from the grave to explain what their philosophies look like. Hello, my name is Arthur Bester, an academic historian, and I will be your teacher for this school year. We will learn the essential curriculum that you will need to prepare you to be a contributing member of society. In this class, we will get back to the basics through the educational philosophy of essentialism, made popular by esteemed individuals like myself, William Bagley, and Admiral Hyman G. Rickover. I possess all of the knowledge you will need for this course, and so you will learn by sitting in a proper classroom, receiving your instruction.

through my lecture and the selected textbook, lectures, recitations, and discussion will also be used to further your education. The curriculum is predetermined and will be based on the essential disciplines like math, literature, natural science, foreign language, and history. Expectations are that you will use intellectual discipline to learn about the ideas, people, institutions, and events that have shaped American society. At the end of each section, you will be tested using standardized tests. As we were all learning the same material, you'll be expected to master your grade level in areas of information and skill before being allowed to progress to the next grade level. As the moral and intellectual role model for your class, it is my responsibility to make sure that you leave school with the basic knowledge and skills you need. The goal is for all students to be disciplined, practical, and capable of applying information from lessons to the world. Each student will learn a respect for authority, fidelity to duty, perseverance, practicality, and consideration for others. These attributes will make you better learners as well as better citizens. Good morning, class.

my name is Mortimer Adler. I am a well-known perennialist, and I will be a teacher this year. Before we get started, you need to understand that I expect you to behave. I possess a great wealth of knowledge and information, and if you're observant and studious, I will impart my wisdom to you. I will conduct my classroom with precision, and we will adhere to a rigid schedule. But as you can see behind me, you can see that I also expect participation in discussions about the great books of the Western world. Throughout the school year, you will master our subject matter, which will reveal eternal truths that have stood the test of time. Eternal truths may stem from our faith, or they are facts; they have stood the test of time. I will train your intellect in utilizing the scientific method; we will verify universal truths. For those of you in Catholic or private religious schools, you will gain truth from religious texts to better know God's truths. You will not have to search the reaches of history for long-ago proofs of knowledge; you can rely entirely on your faith to know what

is you know is true and cannot be wrong. I will instruct you through didactic lectures, assign readings, and Socratic teaching, as these are the best ways to learn. We will work through as many of the great books as we can this year. The great books may not have been written this century, but they will hold relevance in today's world. Every time you read one of these great books, you'll be rewarded by the experience. The great books are the best literature to learn from because they have withstood the test of time. I hope you enjoy our class. Welcome everyone to Doctor Dewey's classroom. My philosophy for education encourages a democratic environment. What does it mean to create a democratic environment? That means authority is out the door. I will help you construct knowledge about topics that concern students and society. Students are often encouraged to help determine curriculum and learn by doing. Learning by doing, or I like to say learning by doing, huh, huh. What does that mean for students? Students must have the opportunity to learn in a community by engaging in authentic and meaningful

learning projects. Let's take a moment to appreciate the collaboration in this classroom. An ideal learning environment would be a setting where interaction and collaboration are encouraged. What are the steps to academic success? We must set a foundation for our classroom. As a class, we must set boundaries that are agreeable to everyone, not just a teacher. This includes all students in the classroom. I will only be the facilitator while you, the student, will learn from your participation in class projects and group work. I will ask questions about your world and organize our curriculum around your questions. Come on, guys, we are going to take a break from the traditional structure of Education. Speak up and help shape your world. It's great to see students protesting for social justice. Welcome, students. My name is George As Counts. I wanted school to be reformed in the early 20th century. This year in my class, we will be taking things into our own hands in creating the classroom we want. First, we should question the institution of Education. Is there a

hidden curriculum designed by an impressive power group in our country. The way you answer this in questions like this will determine the curriculum of our class. Your solutions to social inequalities will become the cornerstone of the education in my classroom. Do not settle for the status quo in our school. I want to take your concerns and issues you have with our school to create a better school. Do not keep the status quo. We will be making equality and all roles in our classroom. We will model the way to become change agents in society so you can leave this classroom and go out into the world to create a stronger Democratic Society. We will be looking at things such as textbooks, websites, television, and other aspects seen in society every day. We will look at these and critique every aspect of them and figure out what methods may be in place to keep minority groups from succeeding. We will take this and figure out what we want to change about it. What makes these things unequal? We will help one another out to become the change agents who want to become more than anything. I want you

to help me reconstruct a better society. We will be having assessments, but we want hack tests. We will instead be a democracy and give feedback to each other. I want this school year to be meaningful, and I want you to challenge each other and build our classroom community in a way that fosters a lifelong desire to make the world we live in a better place. It's great to see an individual pursue their love of learning. Hi, my name is AS Neal. I founded the Summer Hill School of England that would become the first alternative or free school. Summer Hill is an example of my philosophy and has been in existence since 1921. My education system has been used and replicated in many schools throughout the world, from Argentina to the United States. There's even one in Austin, Texas, called Whole Life Learning Center. For a more in-depth look at my beliefs, look from my book entitled Summer Hill. As an existentialist, I believe in building and supporting the individual to pursue that which inspires them. My education system is really up to the

student. I question whether a teacher should have the authority to determine the curriculum and simply require the students' obedience. The student is the one who learns, who does the intellectual work. Why should the students put their time and energy into a system they don't believe in? No. In my teaching philosophy, we respect the student by letting them choose. Don't want to go to class? Don't go. You don't want to do the reading? Don't read. This is all because I know the truth. All students are naturally curious. They will learn naturally as they explore the world and it appeals to them as individuals. They will attend class and seek out the teachers to learn, grow, and build themselves as students. Learn in this way, they create a tailored education that suits their personal needs better than any institutionally created curriculum can. If the student's interest will guide the learning, not the teacher, by the students taking control of their learning, they will grow in themselves. The students will learn about their interests, their strengths, and weaknesses. This is existentialism, educational philosophy.

5 Educational Philosophies

Dan Krutka

학교의 목적에 대해 다시 생각하기

학교의 목적과 커리큘럼의 역할은 종종 검토되지 않는 중요한 질문입니다.

전통적 교육은 특정 커리큘럼과 학생의 순종을 옹호하는 반면, 진보적 교육은 커리큘럼을 안내하는 데 있어 학생의 관심과 목소리를 강조합니다.

교육 경험의 현실은 복잡하며, 학교는 전통적 모델과 진보적 모델 사이의 스펙트럼 어딘가에 속해 있습니다.

이 영상에서는 전통적이고 교사 중심적인 본질주의와 다원주의, 진보적이고 학생 중심적인 진보주의, 사회 재건주의, 실존주의 등 다섯 가지 교육 철학을 소개합니다.

교육사학자 아서 베스터는 정해진 커리큘럼과 교사 주도의 교육을 강조하는 본질주의 교육철학에 대해 설명합니다.

본질주의의 목표는 학생들에게 규율, 실용적인 기술, 권위에 대한 존중을 심어주어 사회에 공헌하는 구성원이 될 수 있도록 준비시키는 것입니다.

다원주의자인 모티머 아들러는 규율 있는 교실 환경을 강조하고 서양 세계의 위대한 책에 대한 토론에 적극적으로 참여하기기를 기대합니다.

그는 엄격한 일정, 교훈적인 강의, 소크라테스식 가르침을 통해 영원한 진리를 전하고자 합니다.

아들러의 접근 방식은 또한 지식을 구성하는 데 있어 신앙과 공동체의 역할을 중시하며, 학생들이 진정성 있고 의미 있는 학습 경험에 참여하도록 장려합니다.

포용적이고 협력적인 교실 만들기

이상적인 학습 환경은 학생들 간의 상호 작용과 협업을 장려합니다.

교사는 학생들의 질문을 중심으로 커리큘럼을 구성하고 수업 프로젝트 참여를 독려하는 촉진자 역할을 합니다.

이 수업은 전통적인 교육 구조에 도전하고 숨겨진 커리큘럼에 의문을 제기하며 사회적 불평등을 해결하고 보다 공평한 교실을 만들기 위해 함께 노력할 것입니다.

AS 닐은 1921년 영국에서 서머힐 학교를 설립하여 대안학교 또는 자유학교 운동을 개척했습니다.

그의 교육 시스템은 학생의 선택과 자율성을 강조하며 커리큘럼을 결정하는 전통적인 교사의 권위에 의문을 제기합니다.

닐의 교육 철학은 학생들이 자신의 학습을 주도할 수 있도록 함으로써 자연스러운 호기심과 개인적 성장을 촉진하고 개인의 필요에 맞는 맞춤형 교육을 실현하는 것을 목표로 합니다.