어린이 발달의 변화 신체적, 인지적, 사회적, 정서적 발달 변화

### 3~6세 어린이의 변화: 신체, 감각, 정신 운동, 언어, 인지, 사회, 성적, 정서 및 자율성 발달
* 👦 3세에서 6세 사이의 어린이는 **체중, 키, 두뇌 성숙 등 신체 발달의 변화**를 경험하며 사고력과 추론에 영향을 미칩니다.
* 👀 감각 발달에는 **이종 수용, 전정, 고유 수용 및 상호 수용 감각**으로 분류되는 감각 채널의 성숙이 포함됩니다.
* 이 연령대 어린이의 정신 운동 발달에는 **근골격계와 신경계의 성숙**이 포함되며, **신체 움직임과 운동의 중요성**이 강조됩니다.
* 🗣 언어 발달은 **언어 전 단계와 언어 발달 단계**에 따라 후천적 언어와 의사소통 능력의 변화를 포괄합니다.
* 🧠 인지 발달은 **지능, 기억력, 주의력, 집중력 등 지식과 정신적 과정의 발달**을 의미합니다.
* 👫 사회성 발달은 개인이 사회화되는 정도를 말하며, **1차 사회화는 가정에서 시작**되고 **2차 사회화는 학교에서 문화 콘텐츠에 동화**되는 것으로 시작됩니다.
* 🌡 4~5세 아동의 성 발달에는 **유아기의 성적 자기 탐색**이 포함되며 **과잉 성욕, 조기 성화, 자율성** 등의 요인을 고려해야 합니다.
* 😊 정서 발달은 기본적인 감정이 사회적 요구에 적응하는 과정으로, 감정은 인간의 생존을 위한 적응적 반응으로 **유아기의 자기중심주의에서 공감으로 발전**합니다.

3~6세 어린이는 신체, 감각, 인지, 사회성, 성적, 정서, 자율성 등의 변화를 경험합니다.

Welcome to this series of videos where we will review some changes that children between 3 and 6 years old experience. Before we continue, it is important to bear in mind that human development is not linear and is the result of multiple causes. Therefore, for this video, we will divide the changes by areas of development, which will allow us to delimit these changes in specific areas. For example, children between 3 and 6 years old experience changes in their physical, sensory, psychomotor development, language, cognitive changes, and changes in their social, sexual, emotional development, and autonomy. Let's explain a little about each of these changes.

In the case of physical development, changes occur in weight and height, and there are also changes at the brain level, such as thinking and reasoning. On the other hand, there is the maturation of sensory channels, meaning all the sensations and perceptions they receive from the environment through their senses. Let's focus a bit on this topic to tell you that the senses are divided into heteroceptive senses, which include sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell; vestibular senses related to balance and spatial location; proprioceptive senses related to the position and movement of the body through muscles, joints, and ligaments; and lastly, interoceptive senses, whose information is generated by internal organs, for example, stomach ache, thirst, or fever.

Now, getting back to the changes that children between 3 and 

Body movement allows us to express ourselves. In other words, children of these ages mature their musculoskeletal system and the nervous system; therefore, it is necessary for them to exercise. We also have language development because there are changes in acquired language and communicative capacity. Language development can be divided into two phases: pre-linguistic and linguistic. In the first phase, there is communication but not language, while in the second phase, a meaning associated with a signifier is mentally elaborated. This means thinking about objects that are not present just by naming them. It is important to mention that when talking to children, we should use language correctly and avoid using adult-centric or infantilized language. For example, we should not tell the child they have little arms or say bum bum instead of car. 

Cognitive development, on the other hand, is the development of knowledge and mental processes through the senses, experience, and thought. The brain changes experienced by these children are reflected in intelligence related to learning, logic, planning, reasoning, and problem-solving. Memory, responsible for storing, retaining, and retrieving information, can be autobiographical, semantic, procedural, or topographic based on its content. Attention and concentration, which are a state of heightened awareness to relevant stimuli, are crucial. Concentration and distraction are levels of attention. It is important to note that cognitive development can be influenced by nutritional deficits.

Lack of stimulation or violent contexts that limit this development should also be considered. It is important to note that the level of functionality of each individual varies. Therefore, it is important to understand the difference between chronological age and mental age. The chronological age refers to the time that has passed since birth, while the mental age is the cognitive functioning level of a person in relation to what is expected for their age. Knowing the mental age allows us to identify delays or advancements in development. 

Regarding social development, we can say that it is the degree of socialization that an individual achieves throughout the different stages of the life cycle. Socialization is related to three processes: learning social contents such as customs, meanings, and values; adaptive individualization, which means being oneself; and social integration, or being part of a group. While the process of socialization never stops throughout our lives, in the early years, we can divide it into primary socialization and secondary socialization. Primary socialization is the child's incorporation into society, with the family being the first instance of socialization. Secondary socialization begins when the assimilation of cultural contents starts, with school being the primary space for socialization.

Now, let's discuss the changes in sexual development. These changes are related to sexual behavior and its physical, emotional, social, and cognitive components. Around the ages of 4 and 5, children begin to engage in infantile sexual self-exploration, which involves pleasurable self-stimulation

New generations are affected by several factors. One of them is hypersexualization and early sexualization. Hypersexualization involves exaggerating the sexual dimension, particularly in women, while minimizing other aspects of their being. Early sexualization magnifies sexual development in childhood, promoting adult sexual characteristics in this population. Autonomy is another factor to consider. It refers to self-regulation aimed at achieving personal goals, values, or experiences. Around the age of two, the struggle for autonomy begins, marked by the first signs of opposition as a way to assert that they can make their own decisions, such as tantrums and changes in temperament. Lastly, concerning emotional development, it is the process through which basic emotions adapt to social demands. Basic emotions include anger, fear, sadness, aversion, surprise, and happiness. It is worth mentioning that all emotions serve as an adaptive response for human survival. For instance, fear keeps us alert to potential dangers. Emotions consist of four components: affective, cognitive, expressive, and motivational. During the first months of life, an infant's emotional response is known as infantile egocentrism, later developing into empathy, which involves being aware of others' emotional states. We have now concluded this topic; in the next video, we will discuss different theories explaining human development.

Cambios que experimentan los niños de 3 a 6 años

Audiovisuales UNED

만 3~6세 어린이는 체중, 키, 두뇌 발달 등 신체적 발달과 감각 채널의 성숙을 경험합니다.

언어 발달은 언어 전 단계에서 언어 단계로 진행되며, 아이들과 소통할 때는 적절한 언어를 사용하는 것이 중요합니다.

이 연령대의 인지 발달에는 지능, 기억력, 주의력 등 지식과 정신적 과정이 포함되며, 이는 영양 요인의 영향을 받을 수 있습니다.

인간 발달에 대한 이해: 주요 측면 살펴보기

자극과 폭력적인 환경은 발달에 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 개인마다 기능이 다를 수 있습니다.

시간적 연령은 출생 이후의 시간을 의미하며, 정신 연령은 인지 기능을 반영합니다.

사회적 발달에는 사회적 내용 학습, 적응적 개별화, 사회적 통합을 포함한 사회화 과정이 포함됩니다.

성적 발달은 4~5세 무렵의 유아기 성적 자기 탐색을 시작으로 신체적, 정서적, 사회적, 인지적 측면을 포괄합니다.

과잉 성애화, 자율성 투쟁, 정서 발달이 새로운 세대에 미치는 영향

과성애화는 특히 여성의 경우 성적인 측면을 과장하는 데 중점을 두는 반면, 조기 성화는 아동의 성인 특성을 촉진합니다.

자율성을 위한 투쟁은 일반적으로 2세 무렵에 시작되며, 아이들이 의사 결정의 독립성을 주장하기 위한 방법으로 반대의 징후가 나타납니다.

새로운 세대의 정서 발달은 기본적인 감정에서 다른 사람의 감정 상태에 대한 공감을 포함한 보다 복잡한 반응으로 진행됩니다.

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