슈퍼 박테리아와의 전쟁

박테리아는 풍부하고 다양하지만 항생제 내성으로 인해 위협이 되고 있어 긴급한 연구와 책임감 있는 항생제 사용이 필요합니다.

### 슈퍼버그의 부상: 항생제 내성이 의학을 변화시키는 방법
* 💊 항생제는 박테리아 감염 치료의 판도를 바꾸어 놓았지만, **오남용과 남용으로 인해 항생제 내성 박테리아가 증가**했습니다.
* 🧫 박테리아는 빠르게 번식하고 항생제에 내성을 갖게 하는 **돌연변이**를 일으켜 이러한 특성을 미래 세대에게 물려줄 수 있습니다.
* 🦠 여러 항생제에 내성을 가진 MRSA와 같은 **슈퍼버그가 이미 등장**하여 심각한 건강 문제를 일으키고 있습니다.
* 🔬 과학자들은 **슈퍼버그와 싸우기 위해 새로운 항생제와 대체 치료법**을 개발하기 위해 노력하고 있습니다.
* 🏥 불필요한 항생제 사용을 줄이고 의료 환경에서 감염 관리를 개선하는 등의 전략은 **항생제 내성과의 싸움에서 매우 중요**합니다.
* 💉 백신과 파지 요법은 **박테리아 감염을 예방하고 치료**할 수 있는 잠재적 해결책으로 연구되고 있습니다.
* 🌍 세계보건기구는 **항생제 내성을 전 세계 보건 우선 순위**로 지정하여 이 증가하는 위협에 대처하는 것이 중요하다고 강조하고 있습니다.

What if I told you there were trillions
of tiny bacteria all around you? It's true. Microorganisms, called bacteria,
were some of the first life forms to appear on Earth. Though they consist of only a single cell, their total biomass is greater than
that of all plants and animals combined. And they live virtually everywhere: on the ground, in the water, on your kitchen table, on your skin, even inside you. Don't reach for the panic button just yet. Although you have 10 times
more bacterial cells inside you than your body has human cells, many of these bacteria
are harmless or even beneficial, helping digestion and immunity. But there are a few bad apples
that can cause harmful infections, from minor inconveniences
to deadly epidemics. Fortunately, there are amazing medicines
designed to fight bacterial infections. Synthesized from chemicals or
occurring naturally in things like mold, these antibiotics kill
or neutralize bacteria by interrupting cell wall synthesis.

or interfering with vital processes,
like protein synthesis, all while leaving human cells unharmed. The deployment of antibiotics
over the course of the 20th century has rendered many previously
dangerous diseases easily treatable. But today, more and more
of our antibiotics are becoming less effective. Did something go wrong
to make them stop working? The problem is not with the antibiotics,
but the bacteria they were made to fight, and the reason lies in Darwin's theory
of natural selection. Just like any other organisms, individual bacteria
can undergo random mutations. Many of these mutations
are harmful or useless, but every now and then,
one comes along that gives its organism an edge in survival. And for a bacterium, a mutation making it resistant
to a certain antibiotic gives quite the edge. As the non-resistant bacteria
are killed off, which happens especially quickly
in antibiotic-rich environments, like hospitals, there is more room and resources
for the resistant ones to thrive.

passing along only the mutated genes
that help them do so. Reproduction
isn't the only way to do this. Some can release their DNA upon death
to be picked up by other bacteria, while others use a method
called conjugation, connecting through pili
to share their genes. Over time, the resistant
genes proliferate, creating entire strains
of resistant super bacteria. So how much time do we have
before these superbugs take over? Well, in some bacteria,
it's already happened. For instance, some strands
of staphylococcus aureus, which causes everything from
skin infections to pneumonia and sepsis, have developed into MRSA, becoming resistant
to beta-lactam antibiotics, like penicillin, methicillin,
and oxacillin. Thanks to a gene that replaces the protein
beta-lactams normally target and bind to, MRSA can keep making
its cell walls unimpeded.

Other super bacteria, like salmonella, even sometimes produce enzymes
like beta-lactams that break down antibiotic attackers
before they can do any damage, and E. coli, a diverse group of bacteria that contains strains that cause
diarrhea and kidney failure, can prevent the function of antibiotics, like quinolones, by actively
booting any invaders that manage to enter the cell. But there is good news. Scientists are working to stay
one step ahead of the bacteria, and although development
of new antibiotics has slowed in recent years, the World Health Organization has made it
a priority to develop novel treatments. Other scientists are investigating
alternate solutions, such as phage therapy
or using vaccines to prevent infections. Most importantly, curbing the excessive
and unnecessary use of antibiotics, such as for minor infections
that can resolve on their own, as well as changing medical practice
to prevent hospital infections, can have a major impact by keeping more
non-resistant bacteria alive.

as competition for resistant strains. In the war against super bacteria,
de-escalation may sometimes work better than an evolutionary arms race.

What causes antibiotic resistance? - Kevin Wu

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TED-Ed

박테리아의 힘: 유익한 박테리아에서 내성 박테리아까지

수조 개의 작은 박테리아는 모든 식물과 동물을 합친 것보다 더 큰 바이오매스를 가진 지구 최초의 생명체 중 하나이며, 인체 내부를 포함한 모든 곳에서 발견할 수 있습니다.

이러한 박테리아 중 다수는 인체에 도움이 되지만, 일부는 해로운 감염을 일으킬 수 있어 항생제를 사용합니다.

그러나 항생제를 남용하면 자연 선택의 과정을 통해 내성 박테리아가 생겨 시간이 지남에 따라 항생제의 효과가 떨어지게 됩니다.

슈퍼 박테리아의 확산과 항생제 내성

박테리아는 번식, 사망 시 DNA 방출, 접합을 통해 내성 유전자를 퍼뜨릴 수 있습니다.

MRSA, 살모넬라, 대장균과 같은 슈퍼박테리아는 여러 항생제에 대한 내성을 개발하여 심각한 위협이 되고 있습니다.

과학자들은 새로운 치료법을 개발하고, 파지 요법이나 백신과 같은 대체 솔루션을 모색하며, 불필요한 항생제 사용을 줄이는 것이 중요하다는 점을 강조하기 위해 노력하고 있습니다.

슈퍼 박테리아 퇴치를 위한 디에스컬레이션의 효과

내성 박테리아를 퇴치하는 데는 진화론적 군비 경쟁보다 디에스컬레이션이 더 효과적일 수 있습니다.

이는 슈퍼 박테리아와의 전쟁에서 잠재적인 해결책이 될 수 있습니다.

이 접근 방식은 경쟁을 줄이는 데 도움이 되며 더 나은 결과를 가져올 수 있습니다.