주요 심혈관 질환 및 상태 개요

### 심혈관 질환 개요: 유형, 원인 및 영향
* ❤ 심혈관 질환은 다양한 유형으로 분류할 수 있으며, **관상동맥 질환이 가장 흔**하며 관상동맥에 플라크가 쌓여 심장으로 가는 혈류가 원활하지 않은 것이 특징입니다.
* 관상동맥 질환의 심각한 결과인 급성 심근경색은 **혈류가 완전히 차단되어 산소 부족**으로 조직이 괴사할 때 발생합니다.
* 💔 관상동맥 질환의 증상인 협심증은 심장에 일시적으로 혈액 공급이 중단되는 과정에서 흉통으로 나타나며, **안정형과 불안정형**으로 분류할 수 있습니다.
* 대동맥류 및 대동맥 박리와 같은 대동맥 질환은 대동맥에 이상이 생겨 **혈전증과 혈액 역류로 인한 폐부종 등 심각한 합병증**을 유발할 수 있습니다.
* 🏥 오른쪽, 왼쪽 또는 울혈성 심부전은 **심박출량 감소와 다양한 장기의 울혈**로 이어져 **만성 피로와 호흡 곤란**과 같은 증상을 유발합니다.
* 🔍 심장 근육에 영향을 미치는 심근 병증은 **확장성 및 비후성 심근증**과 같은 상태를 유발하여 심장 효율을 떨어뜨리고 잠재적인 심부전을 초래할 수 있습니다.
* 선천성 심장 질환은 류마티스 열과 같은 질환으로 인해 발생하는 경우가 많으며, **난원공 개존증, 팔로트 4기 등의 결함**으로 인해 유아기부터 건강에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다.
* 💧 심낭염, 심낭 염증, 류마티스성 심장병과 같은 판막 질환은 심혈관 건강을 더욱 복잡하게 만들기 때문에 **예방과 치료를 위해 이러한 질환을 이해하는 것**이 중요하다는 점을 강조합니다.

심혈관 질환은 심장 기능과 혈류에 영향을 미치는 다양한 질환을 포괄하며 심각한 건강 합병증을 유발할 수 있습니다.

In this video, we will look at cardiovascular diseases, and we'll break them down into categories. So, the first and the most common is coronary artery disease, also known as ischemic heart disease. It is where we have poor blood flow to the heart. The heart is supplied by blood through vessels called the coronary arteries. But if we have a plaque as a result of atherosclerosis, for example, we have decreased blood flow to the heart tissues. If we get no blood flow, it can lead to acute myocardial infarction. This is where we have necrosis of the myocardial tissue caused by lack of oxygenation and blood flow. As I mentioned, acute myocardial infarction is a result of an occluded coronary artery. Coronary artery disease is associated with angina, which occurs when there is a temporary loss of blood supply to the heart, causing chest pain. There are two types of angina.

stable angina and unstable angina. Stable angina is where we have a stable plot, and chest pain comes about upon exertion, so exercising. Then there is unstable angina, which is a result of a hemodynamically unstable plug, and we have thrombosis involved. A heart attack occurs when the hot blood vessel is suddenly blocked, and this is life-threatening and leads to myocardial infarction. As mentioned, the next type of cardiovascular disease we will look at is heart failure. Now, heart failure can result from many heart and body conditions, disorders such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, cardiomyopathies, and vasculitis, amongst many other things. Heart failure is where the heart is basically unable to maintain a strong blood flow and pump it to the body around the body, and this results in chronic tiredness, reduced physical activity, and shortness of breath. So here we have the heart and its four chambers, and here we have the inferior vena cava, which connects

with the liver via the hepatic vein, and the liver coming out of the liver from the bottom, we have the portal vein. Heart failure can be divided into three types: right-sided heart failure, left-sided heart failure, and congestive heart failure. Right-sided heart failure is usually a result of left-sided heart failure. In right-sided heart failure, so we're talking about the right atrium and right ventricle, blood can back up into other tissues such as the liver and the abdomen, causing congestion in these areas. So, as a result of right-sided heart failure, we can have hepatomegaly and ascites because of the backflow from the right ventricle and right atrium. Because the right side of the heart fails to pump blood out, to pump blood in the right direction. Now in left-sided heart failure, oxygenated blood, because on the left side we have the left ventricle and left atrium, which contains the oxygenated blood from the lungs. So in left-sided heart failure, oxygenated blood cannot be pumped out.

from the heart to the rest of the body, and so blood can backflow and accumulate in the lung, in the lungs of the veins, in the lung vein, pulmonary veins, essentially causing fluid accumulation in the lungs, leading to shortness of breath and pulmonary edema. The third type of heart failure is congestive heart failure, which involves both right and left-sided heart failures, leading to congestion in the lungs, pulmonary edema, and congestion of the liver and abdominal area. We have a decreased cardiac output, like in all heart failures, which leads to a decrease in venous return to the heart, which results in a decrease in stroke volume and cardiac output. Again, the cycle continues if the underlying problem is not solved. The next cardiovascular disease is cardiomyopathies. Now, cardiomyopathies involve the muscles of the heart, hence cardio heart, myo muscle, pathes abnormality. So, cardiomyopathies is where the heart muscles become enlarged, thickened, or stiff, reducing the effectiveness of the heart, leading to

heart failure. There are three main types of cardiomyopathies: dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Let's look at dilated first. Dilated cardiomyopathy is when there is less blood pumped from the heart because ventricles are enlarged and weakened. Dilated cardiomyopathy can lead to systolic heart failure with a big decrease in ejection fraction. So, we have enlarged ventricles with dilation. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, on the other hand, is when there's less blood pumped from the heart because the ventricles can't fully relax. So, it's a problem in diastole, and thus hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can lead to diastolic heart failure. So, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, we have a thick ventricle, super thick, and the muscles of the ventricles are super thick, and the ventricular septum is also thick, thus restricting proper filling of the ventricles with blood.

Restrictive cardiomyopathy is when the left ventricle maintains normal dimensions, but we develop left atrial hypertrophy and dilation, and right ventricular hypertrophy as a result. So here we have hypertrophy and dilation of the left atria and hypertrophy of the left ventricle, and the right ventricle as a result because of the backflow from the left side of the heart to the right. The next cardiovascular disease involves the aorta, so we are going to classify this as aortic disease. An example is when we have an abnormal widening of the aorta, as an aortic aneurysm, specifically abdominal aortic aneurysm. So if we look at this aortic aneurysm here, it results in a weakened aortic wall and plaque formation, and this aortic aneurysm can result in thrombosis and then embolize, which can, you know, lodge into vessels leading to some very bad problems downstream. Another aortic disease is aortic dissection.

when blood will fill the walls of the aorta vessel, so this is due to some disruption or abnormality in the aortic vessel wall and allowing blood to accumulate between the two tunical layers of the aorta. Peripheral vascular disease, also known as peripheral arterial disease, is another cardiovascular disease. So here we have the heart with a descending aorta. Peripheral vascular disease is basically a result of plot formation in the peripheral vasculature from atherosclerosis, for example. So obstruction of large arteries that supply blood to the peripheries, and this can have um, this can lead to devastating con, like big problems such as if we have renal stenosis, for example. Another cardiovascular disease in a category is valvulitis, or more specifically, inflammation of the valves, or more specifically, valvular disease of the heart. So inflammation of the valve, the most common cause is rheumatic heart disease. Let's focus on rheumatic heart disease. Rheumatic heart disease is where there is permanent damage to the heart muscle.

mainly the vowels caused by rheumatic fever. So, if we look at rheumatic fever and how it comes about, well, a bacteria called group A strep, which are basically your streptococcus pyogenes, can cause pharyngitis in the throat, which then can cause rheumatic fever, which then can lead to rheumatic heart disease. Or group A streptococcus can lead straight to rheumatic fever as a result of local skin infection, for example. Other valvular disease, which do not always involve inflammation of the valves, include aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, and mitral regurgitation. The next cardiovascular disease is pericarditis, which is inflammation of the pericardium. The pericardium is a fibrous and serous layer protecting the heart. We will look at how the pericardium looks like inflamed and how it looks like normally using a diagrammatic representation. So, when the pericardium is normal, this is what it looks like.

you have the outer fibrous pericardium, the parietal layer, the parietal layer, and then we have the visceral pericardium, which directly surrounds the heart. In between the parietal and visceral layer of the pericardium is the pericardial cavity, which is a cavity that contains pericardial fluid that serves to reduce friction between the pericardium. In an inflamed pericardium, we have disruption of the pericardial layers, inflammation with thickening and damage to the pericardium, resulting in friction of the pericardial layers and pain. So, the pericardium rubs against each other as the heart contracts and relaxes. Other pericardial diseases are pericardial effusion, which can lead to tamponade, and hemopericardium, which is life-threatening. The last cardiovascular disease we will look at is congenital heart diseases, which are disorders of the heart or the central

blood vessels that are present at birth. The congenital heart diseases are actually the leading cause of death in the first year of life. We will look at five main ones. Patent foramen ovale is where the foramen ovale does not close, resulting in a left-to-right shunt. Patent ductus arteriosus is where the ductus arteriosus does not close, causing it to result in a left-to-right shunt as well, between the aorta and pulmonary artery. Coarctation of the aorta is another congenital heart disease. Transposition of the great vessels is where both the foramen ovale and patent ductus do not close. And the final congenital heart disease we will mention is tetralogy of Fallot, which is composed of four things. These are the right ventricular hypertrophy, the ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, and the overriding aorta. So, all these four represent a tetralogy of Fallot. I hope you enjoyed this video on the

main cardiovascular diseases. Hopefully, there'll be some links that will go into more detail into each of these conditions. Thank you very much for watching. Hope you enjoyed it.

Cardiovascular Disease Overview

I am a physician trainee living in Sydney Australia.
I make these videos because I love to create medical diagrams.
They help me learn and I hope then can help you too :)

Support me: http://armandoh.org/shop

Mailing:
PO BOX 166
Randwick NSW 2031
Australia




Armando Hasudungan

심부전은 폐에 체액이 축적되어 호흡곤란과 폐부종을 유발할 수 있습니다.

울혈성 심부전은 우측 및 좌측 부전을 모두 포함하며 폐와 간에 울혈을 초래합니다.

심근병증은 심장 근육이 비정상적으로 두꺼워지거나 딱딱해지는 질환이며, 말초 혈관 질환은 동맥에 플라크가 형성되어 혈액 공급이 차단되는 질환입니다.

심장 판막의 염증인 판막염은 류마티스성 심장 질환으로 인해 흔히 발생하며, 심장 근육에 영구적인 손상을 초래할 수 있습니다.

심근병증에는 확장성, 비후성, 제한성 심근병증의 세 가지 주요 유형이 있습니다.

확장성 심근병증은 심실이 커지고 약해져 수축기 심부전을 일으킵니다.

비대성 심근증은 심실이 두꺼워져 혈액이 제대로 채워지지 않고 이완기 심부전으로 이어집니다.

심부전은 다양한 질환으로 인해 발생할 수 있으며, 심장이 강한 혈류를 유지하지 못해 만성 피로와 숨가쁨을 유발합니다.

심낭은 심장을 직접 둘러싸고 있는 바깥쪽 섬유층, 정수리층, 내장층으로 구성되어 있으며, 그 사이의 심낭강에는 마찰을 줄이기 위해 체액이 들어 있습니다.

심낭의 염증은 통증을 유발하고 각 층을 파괴하여 심낭 삼출 및 혈심낭과 같은 질환을 유발할 수 있습니다.

대동맥 및 승모판 협착증이나 역류와 같은 선천성 심장 질환 및 판막 질환은 A형 연쇄상구균으로 인한 류마티스 열과 같은 요인으로 인해 발생할 수도 있습니다.

흔한 선천성 심장 질환 및 심부전

선천성 심장 질환은 생후 첫해 사망의 주요 원인으로 난원공 개존증, 동맥관 개존증, 대동맥 경화증, 대혈관 전위증, 팔로트 전위증의 5가지 주요 유형이 있습니다.

심부전은 우측, 좌측, 울혈성 심부전의 세 가지 유형으로 나뉘며, 우측 심부전은 종종 좌측 심부전으로 인해 발생하며 간과 복부에 울혈을 유발합니다.

좌측 심부전은 산소가 공급된 혈액을 펌프질하지 못해 심장에 역류를 일으킵니다.

플라크가 쌓여 혈류가 원활하지 않아 발생하는 관상동맥 질환은 급성 심근경색과 협심증을 유발할 수 있습니다.

제한성 심근병증은 역류로 인해 심실의 비대와 확장을 초래합니다.

대동맥류 및 대동맥 박리와 같은 대동맥 질환은 대동맥이 비정상적으로 넓어지고 약화되어 심각한 합병증을 유발할 수 있습니다.