사고 시스템: 뇌의 빠르고 느린 과정

### 두뇌의 두 가지 사고 시스템 이해하기
* 🧠 뇌는 **빠른 사고(시스템 1)와 느린 사고(시스템 2)**라는 두 가지 시스템을 통해 정보를 처리합니다.
* 👁 시스템 1은 자동으로 빠르게 작동하여 종종 **뮐러-리어 착시 및 에임스 방 착시**와 같은 인지 착각을 유발합니다.
* 💡 반면에 **시스템 2는 의식적인 노력이 필요**하며 주의력과 계산이 필요한 작업에 종사하는 경우가 많습니다.
* 💭 시스템 1은 '방망이와 공' 문제에서 볼 수 있듯이 **직관에 따라 빠른 답**을 생성하며, 때때로 틀릴 수 있습니다.
* 🔍 시스템 1은 또한 한 자극에 노출되면 다른 자극에 대한 반응에 영향을 주는 **프라이밍**을 통해 무의식적으로 맥락을 생성합니다.
* ♂ 시스템 2는 자신이 통제하고 있다고 믿지만 **시스템 1의 자동 프로세스는 행동에 상당한 영향을 미칠 수 있다**.
* 📚 이러한 사고 체계에 대한 포괄적인 탐색을 원하시면 **Daniel Kahneman의 저서 "사고, 빠르고 느리게"**를 살펴보세요.

뇌는 빠른 사고와 느린 사고라는 두 가지 시스템을 통해 정보를 처리하며 지각과 의사 결정에 영향을 미칩니다.

You may not realize it, but your brain actually processes information in two very distinct ways. Like when you look at this photo, you instantly know she has blond hair, is visibly angry, and likely has some choice words to yell. Without any effort, you experience fast thinking. But if you look at the following problem, something different happens. Sure, you immediately know it's a multiplication problem, and you knew you could solve it if you had the energy, but didn't. If you do try, your muscles will tense, and your pupils will dilate, and your heart rate will increase. Now, you've experienced slow thinking. These two systems of fast and slow thinking dictate much of our perception and reaction in life. Take these lines, for example, it's clear that they're different lengths, but if you measure them, they're actually the exact same length. Even now that you know, system 1 or your fast thinking can't stop seeing the illusion because it acts automatically. Similar effect to seeing here.

which figure's the largest? Again, they're all the same size, but the suggestion of perspective in depth causes your system 1 to interpret the picture as three-dimensional, even though it's on a flat two-dimensional surface. It's making quick work of the available information, and so your conscious system 2 or slow thinking must compensate after the fact and choose not believe your intuition or instinct. Wanna see your system 2 in action? We'll show you a string of four digits, you read them out loud then add one to each of the original digits. If the card reads 3795, the correct response would be 4806. We'll then go to the next card, and you'll do the same, followed by the next card. Ready? Go! Few people can cope with more than four digits, but even harder is add 3. The interesting bit is that though your pupils would have dilated, you often become effectively blind when you fully engage system 2.

Did you notice the color of the text change? Or how about the fact that the numbers completely changed when I put them off to the side? Listen to the following puzzle. A bat and a ball cost $1.10. The bat costs $1 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost? Chances are, your system 1 intuition was yelling 10 cents. But this appealing system 1 answer, we know, is wrong. In fact, the correct answer is 5 cents. Even if you worked out the correct answer, you likely thought of 10 cents along the way. System 1 is trying to work out an answer as quickly and seamlessly as possible. Which is extremely beneficial in everyday life. If every activity required full mental effort, it would be exhausting. But knowing this allows us to understand that not all of our first impressions are correct. How many animals of each kind did Moses take into the ark? So few people detect what is wrong with this question that it's been dubbed the Moses illusion.

In fact, Moses took no animals. Noah did. Again, our brain invests as little resources as necessary so that things run quickly and smoothly. Because Moses is not abnormal in the biblical context, System 1 unconsciously detects an association between Moses and ark and quickly accepts the question. In a similar way, System 1 generates context without you knowing. Reading each of the following may seem fairly simple: ABC, Ann approached the bank, and 12, 13, 14. But your brain actually interpreted these ambiguous statements without you ever knowing. You could have read it as A, 13, C or 12, B, 14. But your brain created the context unconsciously. Also, you likely imagined a woman with money on her mind walking towards a building with tellers. But if the sentence before this was: they were floating gently down the river, the entire scene would've changed because Bank would no longer be associated with money. Without an explicit context, System 1 quickly generates one based off similar experiences. In this case, you've likely visited more banks than rivers and so the context is resolved accordingly.

This ties into a concept called Priming. For example, if I said, Wash, how would you complete this word fragment? Most would see soap, but had I just shown you the word Eat, you'd be more likely to see Soup. In this way, both Eat and wash prime your thoughts. Though system 2 likes to think that it's in charge and knows what's going on, the truth is that priming effects have even been shown to affect and modify behavior. These effects arrive in system one, and you have no conscious access to them. If you'd like to learn more about the thinking system in your brain, check out the book Thinking, Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman, which covers it in great detail. I'll put the link in the description, which you can check out. Got a burning question you want answered? Ask it in the comments or on Facebook and Twitter, and subscribe for more weekly science videos.

Brain Tricks - This Is How Your Brain Works

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Mitchell Moffit (@mitchellmoffit)
Gregory Brown (@whalewatchmeplz)

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뇌는 빠른 사고를 통해 정보를 처리하여 이미지를 쉽게 인식하고 빠르게 판단합니다.

반면에 느린 사고는 복잡한 문제에 직면했을 때 촉발되어 육체적, 정신적 노력을 필요로 합니다.

이 두 시스템 간의 상호 작용은 일상 생활에서 지각과 의사 결정에 큰 영향을 미칩니다.

방망이와 공의 퍼즐은 우리의 빠르고 직관적인 사고가 어떻게 오답으로 이어질 수 있는지를 보여줍니다.

모세 착각의 사례에서 볼 수 있듯이 시스템 1의 직관은 종종 매력적이지만 잘못된 해결책을 제시합니다.

빠른 의사결정의 한계를 이해하면 초기 인상의 오류 가능성을 인식하는 데 도움이 됩니다.

컨텍스트 생성에서 시스템 1의 무의식적 역할

모세와 방주의 예에서 볼 수 있듯이 우리의 뇌는 익숙한 요소를 빠르게 연결하여 자원을 절약합니다.

시스템 1은 모호한 진술과 '은행'이라는 단어에서 볼 수 있듯이 과거 경험을 바탕으로 무의식적으로 맥락을 만들어냅니다.

뇌는 가장 익숙한 경험에 대한 맥락을 빠르게 생성하여 세상을 해석하는 데 영향을 미칩니다.

행동에 영향을 미치는 프라이밍의 힘

단어 연상 실험을 통해 알 수 있듯이 프라이밍은 무의식적으로 생각과 행동에 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다.

이러한 효과는 의식적인 인식 없이도 뇌의 자동 반응 시스템에 의해 이루어집니다.

다니엘 카네만의 "사고, 빠르고 느리게"는 프라이밍을 포함한 뇌의 사고 과정에 대한 자세한 설명을 제공합니다.