인터넷 확장: 케냐의 기회와 도전 과제

### 인터넷 혁명: 케냐의 기회와 도전 과제
* 🌍 파이프라인은 나이로비의 활기찬 지역으로 행상인, 가족, 상인이 어우러져 있지만 **학교나 상수도 같은 기본적인 공공 서비스가 부족한 지역**입니다.
* 📱 이러한 어려움에도 불구하고 **엘리아스 같은 현지 기업가들**이 혁신적인 솔루션을 통해 인터넷 액세스를 제공하는 등 새로운 기술을 접할 수 있는 기회가 있습니다.
* 💡 인터넷은 **54억 명의 사용자들**의 삶을 변화시키며 정보를 민주화하는 동시에 사회를 착취와 악용에 노출시키기도 했습니다.
* 🛠 Google은 데이터 전송을 위한 레이저 빔과 같은 첨단 기술을 사용하여 인터넷 인프라의 라스트 마일에 집중하면서 **나머지 30억 명의 사람들을 오프라인으로 연결할 수 있는 창의적인 솔루션**을 모색하고 있습니다.
* 📈 엘리아스 무고는 인터넷 연결을 공유하여 이웃에게 재판매함으로써 **약 10,000 케냐 실링(75달러)의 추가 수입**을 창출하는 등 지역 기업가 정신의 모범이 되고 있습니다.
* 🤝 대기업이 고객 기반을 확대하는 것을 목표로 하는 반면, **Elias와 같은 지역 주민은 공식 인터넷 리셀러**가 되어 지역 사회의 비즈니스와 교육을 육성하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있습니다.
* 👩 그러나 **케냐 인구의 70%가 인터넷에 접속할 수 없는 외딴 지역**에 거주하는 등 디지털 격차는 여전히 심각하며, 모든 사람이 온라인 기회를 누릴 수 있도록 교육과 지원의 필요성이 강조되고 있습니다.
* 💻 **여성 기술 역량 강화 센터와 같은 이니셔티브**는 청소년들이 디지털 기술을 갖추고 글로벌 시장에 참여하여 생계를 개선할 수 있도록 지원하는 데 매우 중요합니다.

인터넷은 나이로비의 지역 기업가들에게 힘을 실어주고, 지역 사회를 변화시킬 수 있는 성장과 혁신을 촉발합니다.

this is pipeline, a thriving, densely packed Nairobi neighborhood bustling with hawkers, young families, and traders. This is where you grew up. Yeah, I was raised in this place. There are no public schools here, there's limited access to running water, and no rubbish collection. But there is one service you can get. There's stalls that are selling like brand new smartphones. Yeah, thanks to local residents like Elias and some radical new technology from further afield, more and more people are getting [Music] online. The internet has altered life beyond recognition for its 5.4 billion current users. It has democratized information and produced staggering fortune while also emboldening some of the worst aspects of humanity, a breeding ground for abuse and exploitation. As the tech world expands its digital frontier in 5 years, another billion people will be online here in Kenya and across the developing world. I'm Professor Hann Fry, mathematician and writer. I want to know how the internet revolution will unfold for the next billion online and whether it's big tech.

or users you have the most to [Music] game. It all began with a very well-intentioned vision in the late 1980s when Tim Berners-Lee was inventing the worldwide web. He said he wanted it to be an open platform that would allow everyone everywhere to share information, access opportunities, and collaborate across geographic and cultural boundaries. And to be fair, that is sort of what the web became, except that some 35 years on, there are still three billion people on Earth who are not online. And that is a fact that has not gone unnoticed by people in Silicon Valley. For the internet giants, our attention has become a virtual gold mine, which means that they see the people who are not yet online across Asia, the Middle East, and Africa as a vast untapped resource. The challenge is getting them connected. I know that people use the words web and internet interchangeably, but they are actually different things. The web, that's the bit that you see on your screen, it's the collection of pages, the stuff that is stored in vast data.

centers owned by companies like Google and Amazon. The internet, however, that is the physical infrastructure. It's the network of cables running over land and along the seafloor that literally link up one machine to another, carrying huge volumes of data encoded in pulses of light. Now, no one company or government owns the internet. It's like an organically growing beast. But, of course, someone has to pay to create those connections, and for the last bit, that last mile where the connections are the most numerous, the economics can be harder to stack up, especially in remote locations. So, building that last mile needs creative solutions. If you're in the business of getting more people [Music] online, finding a creative solution has long been an ambition of Google, notoriously secretive research arm called X, the moonshot factory. Here, they spent 9 years trying to build a global network of giant stratospheric internet-beaming balloons before scrapping the projects and bringing their ideas back down a little closer to Earth. In the most basic terms possible, yeah, what on Earth are you

building what on Earth we building building here is a technology that can use beams of light to transfer high-speed internet data. Mahesh Christnas Armi is the technical lead for Google's most recent attempt to bring high-speed internet to the farthest-flung corners of the earth. Okay, talk me through it then. How does it work? So, um, what you have here is a simple power terminal. This is one end, um, and you need two of these in order to make a link. We're able to use the data that's coming in from fiber optic cable and transfer it into light energy and transmit it wirelessly. So, it's just like fiber, yeah, but you don't have to lay any fiber in between. To avoid the difficulty and expense of putting ever more fiber into the ground, they fix two terminals onto cell towers and have them communicate using incredibly narrow invisible beams of light, demonstrated here with a laser pointer and this very fetching hat. You are going to be a cell tower, sure, okay. On top of you is one of our terminals. So

your goal is to basically stand on this little wall and try and target that. It's one thing for me to hit the bullseye from just a few meters away. Oh my God, in real life, this is exactly how much the cell towers move as well. Wind and temperature changes cause havoc for cell towers. So, to compensate, inside each T terminal, there is a set of mirrors to constantly fine-tune their aim. What you see here is the movement of the mirror that is happening in order to make sure that it is all centered. Oh, so the beam is live right now, is it? The beam is live. So, why don't you, yeah, just block it? You'll see it. So, now, but look there too as you block it. You see all the things that a SC, yeah, and the mirror is having to adjust really dramatically. It's working its way around my hand, is it? Exactly. It's working on your hand. Clever. This ability to stay on target is vital if you want to beam internet over huge distances in the real world. How far

apart do these sit when they're out there typically. I know most of our links we have deployed are somewhere between 10 to 20 km, so that is pretty far. I mean, what you're doing is crazy. You're shining this laser beam that's like the width of a chopstick across 20 km, and you're expecting it to hit the target perfectly. That's right. Absolutely extraordinary. It is. And so, and it works. It's out there working. It's out there. We're currently talking about speeds of tens of thousands megab per second. The fact that we can deliver very high speeds, low latency connections at a very affordable price, that's the most Game Changer out of all of these things. This is one of Google's moonshots that does work. Mahesh's boss, Astr, explains not skates, but why they've invested so much in bringing the world online. This isn't like Google doing this out of the goodness of their hearts alone, right? There are advantages to this, the Google everyone.

here at X understands that we're trying to exist at the intersection of purpose and profit. I believe that there's plenty of ways we can make the world a radically better place and use the fact that those things can be enduring businesses, that the profit actually enables that goodness to scale to the whole world. There are things that would be really good for the world but are just going to lose money forever. That's not how we want to spend our [Music] time. Turning a profit while making the world a better place is a laudable aim, but what does it mean for the people at the other end of the [Music] technology? Now welcome to my humble pal. This is a barber shop, the time Electronics. Yeah, even shoes. I do sell shoes, but right now I've eaten the stock. You're an entrepreneur. Hey, I'm an entrepreneur. In 2021, Elias Mugo borrowed cash from a friend to hook up to one of Google's Tara connections recently installed on a cell tower a few blocks away, and it quickly got the neighbors

attention when I was using it. There's my friend came and told me, Can you supply me to my house? And I was like, I can try. Well, so you took your internet, split it off, you're getting now, we are sharing. I added another person, now those two people are paying for my internet. Yeah, yeah. So I continue, I say, Let me add again, let me add again. So I have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. So all of these are going up to flats upstairs, yes. So how much do you make now for all of these? For all of these, around 10,000. That's amazing. 10,000 Kenyan Shillings or around $75 US is a healthy additional income here, and all from sharing one internet connection many times at a low price. Every single person is also getting their internet cheaper than they would if they went straight. You're a very clever man. I'm trying. Yeah. Is Google only discovered this kind of local enterprise when the number of connections in the pipeline vastly out.

stripped contract sold, but instead of cracking down, they realized local residents are much better placed to connect people. Now, Elias and others like him have become official internet resellers. What does it mean to a place like Pipeline to get the internet here? It will be a source of business to somebody like me and a means of information. There are people who study, people who go online classes, so it is helping them, yeah, like access to education, yeah, access to education because accessing education is far from this place. There are some people who say that the big tech companies who are installing internet in places like this, that they're trying to basically get more customers because sort of run out of customers everywhere else. What do you think about that? Okay, first of all, as a company to install internet around such a place, the one who is saying, Oh, they're trying to get customers, well and good, it's a business as an entrepreneur. I agree with that because it will help me grow. At the same time, I've helped you to grow. It's a great

thing [Music]. Yeah, this place feels very, very, very, very far away from that Google X lab. This is where I think that you see the genuine impact that the internet can have on people's lives, not just in terms of access to information, access to the outside world, but also the business opportunity that it actually presents, not just for people in Silicon Valley but for people here too. The fact that the internet coming in here then gets split off into 30 different directions is just the best evidence of that. When we left California, I was still maybe a tiny bit skeptical. Having been here genuinely, I think this is a win-win for everybody. Google's Optical internet is now rolling out across pilot sites in Africa and India, but the opportunities that the internet brings to urban centers like pipeline aren't guaranteed to automatically benefit everyone in Kenya. 70% of the population live in far more remote areas where the internet is a long way away from being part of daily life, and there are different challenges to it becoming so. Welcome to our

Cent Dr. Judy McKa was born and grew up here, and now, with her colleague Dr. Unice Aino, has come back to support local people that lack the basic skills and opportunities to get online. Here in Curo, the child goes to the coffee farm in the morning, in the evening tea farm, then milking the cow. You know, the difference is world apart when you just bring the internet and dump it here without trainings and some basic skills on how to navigate. They cannot do it. I mean, this is quite a rural area, right? Is that how people feel? Yes, and they are not happy. They actually feel like they were left out. There's something really interesting in that, I think. The internet, where we are now, it's infiltrating in the basic life of every person, but the rural people have never seen that. In 2017, Judy and Unis founded the Center for Women's Empowerment in Technology to make sure that youth, and particularly girls, don't miss out on the potential benefits of internet access. We

have like three different programs running here. We have the general digital skills, word processing, Excel, and then internet. Internet is actually the last topic. This isn't just about browsing; this is bringing the global marketplace to these kids and inviting them to actively participate. We have quite a number of them who are now earning jobs online. We have jobs online, content writing, transcription. You can see they look different because now they are exposed and they are earning some money. Oh really, they look different. What is in like they're wearing or like confidence? Even confidence. They have more authority. So when they come with stories of their success stories, they motivate the ones that are currently going on. And then in here we have for the current class, it's graduation day. Graduating is not the end; this is a beginning. So this is where your digital life begins. These are the places where jobs and access to high-quality education are scarce, that perhaps have the most to gain from coming online. But it will require more than internet beaming laser

devices you need centers like this to help ensure the positives reach everyone. Digital Technologies is the way to go, so congratulations. Thank you [Applause]. Yeah, the Kenyan government has recognized the potential that technology offers its population and is investing heavily in its fledgling digital sector, even building a new tech hub from the ground up. And so, with high-speed internet access and a young population hungry for work and opportunities, Kenya is an attractive place for global companies to outsource online jobs. I got the job in April, so that's a few months, a few months, yeah, let's say maybe five months, yeah, yeah, just months. Shortly after graduating from university, Moes Oang was employed as a content moderator. He describes his job as watching hours of incredibly disturbing videos every day to protect the rest of us from the nightmare of seeing them. I don't, I don't know if people in general realize that content moderation involves people like you physically sitting down in front of a computer and watching stuff for every platform like

human beings need to be there because it's human beings who can properly detect, you know, and know what is right and what is wrong. And was it very traumatic for me? I'd say, um, it was very traumatic, uh, even up to dat. There are some videos that, um, I'm still lingering on my mind, you know. I'm still struggling with, you know, the PTSD, the insomnia. I came to view society as a totally different, you know, like you peaked inside the inner lives of people in a way that the rest of us haven't. Yeah, C moderators were basically the First Responders. I equate them to like people who go to war, you know, to defend a country. So, as you're defending the, uh, I'd say the morality and the sanity of people who are using that, uh, uh, platforms for such an important job. Moer says he was paid $200 a month, less than half the average income in Kenya, and nine times less than content moderators earn in the US. And here, Mo says the role comes without appropriate psychological support. It's raised accusations of a

kind of digital colonialism. Big tech companies extracting online labor for minimal cost. How do you square that circle then if you have to have humans doing this? We had a meeting of over 250 moderators based here, and then we just sat down, shared our working experiences. But at the end of the day, we sat down and decided, you know what, for us to move forward, we need to have a union for ourselves. We know the challenges that we face as people working in this industry, and the only solution that can make both the multinational companies and their outsourcing farms to listen is with the power of unity. Alongside the fledgling African content moderators union, Moz is pushing for better pay conditions and a recognition that without their work, our shared online spaces would quickly become unusable. I think the thing about the internet is that it's obviously the very good stuff, but we don't want to see the bad stuff, and I think it's very easy to just ignore the invisible work that's going on behind the scenes that in order

for you to have a safe, polished, glossy experience, you have to have people exposed to the worst horrors of humanity. I mean, that's the price that has to be paid by somebody. I just, I'm not sure I feel comfortable about them being paid $50 a week for doing so. As the internet continues to be rolled out across the world, jobs like this in an ever-growing digital sector will be created, but the biggest profits will continue to be amassed by giant tech companies far from places like Kenya, unless local companies can enter the game. And that is what a team of tech experts based here in Nairobi aims to do. [Music] This time, we're saying no. We are going to build solutions for not just ourselves, but also for the other market. Irene Kia is one of the founders of Adenan Labs, a company that wants to grow African wealth by investing in a new generation of tech talent and innovation. We have trained the largest amount of data scientists in

Eastern and central Africa. But also, we do a lot of R&D. We have built solutions for healthcare, financial services, agriculture, logistics, education. We don't have legacy infrastructure, so we're able to really innovate. The historic lack of public services here has one upside; it means that much more modern solutions have space to grow. If I ask you today, Hana, where are your health records, frankly, I mean, they should all be in the same place, but where are they? No idea, exactly. One of our flagship products is AIA Record to empower patients with a platform where they can store, manage, and access their health information. We had to map out the full healthcare journey: hospitals, pharmacies, diagnostic centers, and all that. And then we built a portal for all of that so that we can really power an industry, and it's all linked to individual patients. How many people are using it? We currently have around 150 hospitals across Africa, which is around 350,000 patients, and we're scaling it not just here in Africa but also in

Europe and in the US, and interestingly, it's built on the blockchain, you know, so um, it's a very secure platform. Yes, amazing, very impressed. The team here is solving local problems, but they still have a global market in their sights, you know. Africa being quite behind in the digital revolution compared to other places is sort of a challenge, but in a way, the way you're describing it is though it's this giant opportunity, massive opportunity, massive opportunity in so many ways, because we need technology that is going to take us to somewhere where we can really change the narrative of this continent. Wealth creation being a very key thing, we need to really prepare our youth so that they are ready to not just over the continent but support the world, you know. So that's our vision. I think before I started making this film, there was something that sat a bit uncomfortably about big tech companies coming into sub-Saharan Africa in order to find new customers. This is a place that has historically been very

exploited, and I still think that's a legitimate concern, but I also think that this is a place that is completely fizzing with entrepreneurs and enterprise. And I think for those people, having the internet is not about inviting the rest of the world in; it's about sparking and igniting and accelerating local solutions, local growth, and hopefully local companies that will, in turn, go out to affect the rest of the world. Tim Berners-Lee, I think he got absolutely right when he said that the internet isn't about connecting machines; it's about connecting people. Because I think if you have another billion people online, that's not just going to affect them; it's going to affect all of us. [Music]

A Billion More People Are About to Transform the Internet | The Future With Hannah Fry

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나이로비와 그 너머의 인터넷 혁명

기본적인 서비스가 부족했던 나이로비의 파이프라인 지역은 스마트폰 판매와 인터넷 접속 증가로 번성하고 있습니다.

인터넷은 54억 명의 사용자의 삶을 변화시켰지만, 30억 명은 여전히 오프라인에 머물러 있어 거대 기술 기업의 관심을 끌고 있습니다.

초고속 인터넷을 제공하기 위한 Google의 혁신적인 접근 방식은 광선을 사용하여 기지국을 연결함으로써 외딴 지역의 디지털 격차를 해소하는 것을 목표로 합니다.

인터넷 연결에 대한 Google의 혁신적인 접근 방식

Google의 기지국 기술은 거울을 사용하여 조준점을 미세 조정하고 바람과 온도 변화를 보정합니다.

기지국은 10~20km 간격으로 배치되어 레이저 빔을 발사하여 초고속, 저지연 인터넷 연결을 제공합니다.

이 회사의 목표는 수익을 창출하는 동시에 전 세계에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것이며, 연결성에 대한 혁신적인 접근 방식을 통해 지역 기업가들에게 혜택을 주는 것입니다.

파이프라인의 한 남성은 자신의 인터넷 연결을 여러 사람과 성공적으로 공유하여 현재 한 달에 약 10,000 케냐 실링(75달러)을 벌고 있습니다.

이 현지 기업은 그에게 추가 수입을 제공했을 뿐만 아니라 다른 사람들에게도 더 저렴한 인터넷 액세스를 제공했습니다.

Google이 아프리카와 인도에서 광 인터넷을 출시하는 것은 이 모델을 복제하는 것을 목표로 하지만, 더 외진 지역에 거주하는 인구의 70%에게는 그 혜택이 미치지 못할 수도 있습니다.

디지털 기술을 통한 농촌 지역 사회의 역량 강화

주디 맥카 박사와 유니스 아이노 박사는 지역 주민들이 온라인 기술과 기회를 얻을 수 있도록 지원하기 위해 쿠로로 돌아왔습니다.

두 사람이 2017년에 설립한 여성 기술 역량 강화 센터는 청소년과 소녀들에게 초점을 맞춘 디지털 기술 프로그램을 제공합니다.

이 이니셔티브는 많은 참가자들이 온라인 일자리를 확보하고 자신감을 키우며 삶을 변화시키는 데 성공적으로 기여했습니다.

콘텐츠 모더레이터의 영향력과 어려움

콘텐츠 모더레이터는 온라인 플랫폼에서 옳고 그름을 판단하는 데 중요한 역할을 하지만, 종종 정신적 충격과 저임금에 시달립니다.

케냐의 모더레이터인 모는 심리적 부담과 더 나은 지원과 노동조합의 필요성을 강조합니다.

디지털 부문이 성장함에 따라 아프리카의 기술 인재들에게 더 나은 기회를 제공하기 위해 현지 기업들이 시장에 진출해야 한다는 요구가 커지고 있습니다.

R&D에 집중하고 있으며, 기존 인프라에 대한 부담 없이 의료를 비롯한 다양한 분야의 솔루션을 구축했습니다.

대표 제품인 AIA 레코드는 환자가 자신의 건강 정보를 저장하고 관리할 수 있도록 지원하며, 약 150개 병원과 35만 명의 환자가 이 플랫폼을 사용하고 있습니다.

이 팀은 아프리카의 디지털 혁명을 부의 창출과 지역 성장을 위한 엄청난 기회로 보고 글로벌 시장을 공략하면서 지역 문제를 해결하는 것을 목표로 하고 있습니다.