노화의 미래: 세포 재프로그래밍과 수명: 노화의 미래

### 노화를 되돌리기 위한 탐구: 혁신, 도전 과제, 그리고 미래 전망
* ⏳ 한 스타트업 그룹이 더 늦기 전에 효과적인 기술을 개발하기 위해 **억만장자들이 막대한 투자**를 하면서 노화를 역전시키려는 시도를 하고 있습니다.
* 🔬 과학자들은 인간 세포를 젊어지게 하고 몇 년 안에 노화를 되돌릴 수 있는 기술인 **세포 리프로그래밍**을 연구하고 있습니다.
* 📉 노화는 사망 위험을 증가시키며, **30세 이후 사망할 확률은 약 8년마다 두 배씩 증가**하기 때문에 해결책을 찾는 것이 시급합니다.
* 줄기세포는 조직 재생에 중요한 역할을 하지만 **나이가 들면서 그 효율성이 떨어지기 때문에 치유 속도가 느려지고 노화 징후가 더 눈에 띄게 나타납니다.**
* 🎓 야마나카 신야가 발견한 '야마나카 인자'는 **분화된 세포를 다시 줄기세포와 같은 상태로 재프로그래밍**할 수 있어 재생 의학에 큰 가능성을 제시합니다.
* 🔄 연구자들은 세포를 부분적으로 재프로그램하여 세포의 고유한 정체성을 유지하면서 젊어지게 하는 것을 목표로 하며, 이를 통해 **관절염이나 노화 관련 실명**과 같은 질환을 치료할 수 있습니다.
* 💰 제프 베조스, 샘 알트먼과 같은 억만장자들이 이 분야에 대한 대규모 투자를 쏟아내고 있으며, **알토스 랩스, 레트로 바이오사이언스 같은 스타트업**이 이 연구의 선두에 서 있습니다.
* ⚠ 그러나 인체 적용을 위한 여정은 **암 및 기타 유해한 부작용의 가능성**을 포함한 위험으로 가득 차 있으며, 이는 기술적 시스템에 비해 생물학적 시스템의 복잡성을 강조합니다.

억만장자들은 노화를 되돌리고 인간의 수명을 늘리기 위해 세포 리프로그래밍에 막대한 투자를 하고 있습니다.

Imagine if you could turn back the clock to reverse aging. Get rid of wrinkles, gray hair, or see 20/20 again. Well, there's a handful of startups trying to do exactly that, and billionaires are pouring money into this, hoping the tech will be developed before it's too late for them. These tech billionaires, they like their lives a lot, and they just don't want to give it up, so they're driving a lot of this. Scientists are trying to manipulate human cells to rejuvenate your body. It's a technique they're calling cellular reprogramming, and it could be reality in just a couple of years. I'm unapologetically afraid of dying. If you cure aging and people have the mortality of young adults, then they would live thousands of years. Hilary: But how does this work? Should we worry about side effects? And how close are we really to cheating death?

I'm Hilary Brueck, and I'm a health correspondent here at Business Insider. João: Aging is an inevitable and progressive process of loss of viability and increase in vulnerability. So once you reach about age 30, your chance of dying doubles roughly every eight years. And you see that across populations, from poor countries to wealthy countries, it doesn't matter. That's very consistent across populations. Hilary: But to understand aging, we need to think about how it all starts. Because we start out in a much different, more flexible shape. Picture a fertilized egg, the single cell where we all begin. That cell could become anything. It's what we call a stem cell. Stem cells are versatile and can turn into any type of cell your body needs. And then, as they develop, the stem cells become more specialized. Scientists might say they're differentiated cells, but really it's kind of like they're getting job titles,

like a skin cell, or a brain cell, or a hair cell. Our stem cells are like our body's built-in rejuvenation system. They're constantly turning over, making new stuff for us, keeping our body going with new hair, new skin, fresh neurons. These stem cells are required for regenerating tissue because our tissue, you know, our cells die and have to be constantly replaced. That's why, you know, when you fall down and get a bruise, it quickly repairs itself. As we age, the number of these stem cells decreases and their efficiency declines, so our body has a harder time repairing and replacing tissues, and this leads to slower healing and more signs of aging all over. Aging is really an accumulation of changes. A lot of it is chemical damage. And eventually, things start becoming dysfunctional. That buildup of damage over time as we age creates problems. Some scientists think of it kind of like a photocopier

or something, like where the more copies you make, the more worn out it gets, and the more little glitches and errors it has on it. This damage in our DNA is kind of like glitches in our human programming. Over time, the errors cause issues because our bodies use that code to make the proteins that sustain our whole life and fight infections and thrive as people. When the instructions for our cells are damaged, they stop working properly, which is part of what happens during aging. So when scientists talk about reprogramming, what do they mean? So this idea of reprogramming is, could we take cells that are fully differentiated, like the skin cell or muscle cell or whatever, and program them to go backwards to the stem cell that originally generated them, or even, you know, make them somehow biologically younger? The idea of reprogramming your cells to slow down aging is not that new. In 2012, a Japanese scientist

and former surgeon named Shinya Yamanaka won the Nobel Prize for his discovery. Yamanaka figured out that you can use four special genes to reset your cells back into stem cells, and that set of four genes are called the Yamanaka factors. They contain instructions that can reset a cell back to an undifferentiated state, making it like new again, essentially rewriting the cell's program and guiding it back to a more flexible, stem-like state. This was a big deal for aging science. These newly reset cells, known as induced pluripotent stem cells, can then turn into any type of cell you need and could potentially be used to grow new tissues or organs like younger skin or a new heart. Typically, when researchers do cellular reprogramming in the lab, they use an inactivated virus to inject the Yamanaka factors. It's pretty much the same technique they use when you get a vaccine. So, essentially, you have a virus,

and what this virus does is it has those four factors, and it transports them to the cells. And, you know, they have to be regulated, so you don't want too much of it or too little. So you have to get it right, but at least in animal models, this is possible to do now. Hilary: In 2006, Yamanaka showed this can be done in mice. Then in 2007, the next year, he started on human cells, first with skin, and his experiment was quite successful. What scientists and some startups are trying to do now is to partially reprogram some cells so they act younger but don't go all the way back to being an embryonic stem cell again. It retains its identity. It remains a liver cell or a brain cell or a skin cell, but it's rejuvenated. And so that has a lot of potential, because if you can rejuvenate cells

without them losing their identity, that's what you want. But even if these kinds of treatments become available, it wouldn't be like an 80-year-old can suddenly turn 20 again. Maybe it could be rewinding that receding hairline, ditching arthritis, regenerating heart muscle after a heart attack, or healing neurons in your retina so you can see better as you age. I personally would love it if they could regenerate cartilage in my joints, you know, at my age. That would be great. And also, while they're at it, they could also regenerate hair, you know? So that would be a billion-dollar, multibillion-dollar discovery if you could safely regenerate hair in bald men, OK? There are even loftier goals, like curing Parkinson's, regrowing parts of the brain, or rejuvenating your entire body. If you have a young brain, it doesn't develop Alzheimer's or dementia anymore.

So if you can turn your brain young, you will make you resilient to diseases. Maybe even you will treat and cure diseases. We don't know. So that is the promise of the field, is that if you make your organs younger, they'll be more resilient to diseases. Now, most of these ideas are in the testing and research stage and not available as treatments just yet, but some scientists are close. I chatted with Johnny Huard, who's restoring joint cartilage for elite athletes using their own stem cells. We take your bone marrow that contains stem cells and we reinject that into your knee. He's also experimenting with one form of cellular reprogramming using so-called epigenetic drugs, which can change the way our genes behave, in some cases, making them act younger again. We have used cells from old people. They came in and we took the cells, came in the lab, looked at their epigenetic expression was going down,

use epigenetic drug to bring this back up, and the cells look younger. So would you say that that's a form of cellular reprogramming then, what you're doing with those patients? Yes, it is a form of cellular reprogramming, because what I did is I harvested them from you, took drugs to regulate your epigenetic expression, and made those cells younger. So I rejuvenated your cells. But so far, this treatment is just lab work. It would eventually require FDA approval to put the reprogrammed cells back into people's bodies. I'm not saying that, you know, this thing will never be approved three years from now, but it's not approved today. But the potential of this technology has sparked visionary ideas about the future. I imagine a future where children or babies, even before they're born, they're engineered not to age, or at least engineered to be resistant to diseases like Alzheimer's disease.

If you cure aging, and people have the mortality of young adults, then they would live thousands of years. You could still die, of course, but you wouldn't have this exponential increase in mortality. Hilary: Recently, we've seen an explosion of research into this area, and money is flocking into cellular reprogramming and other longevity treatments. Jeff Bezos, for example, is an investor in Altos Labs. Altos is a pretty secretive startup based in California that has recruited some of the most elite aging scientists in the world. The company has at least $3 billion in funding. Another big-deal longevity scientist is Harvard professor David Sinclair. He's behind a bunch of different longevity companies, but he has experimented with cellular reprogramming already on mice and monkeys, and he's hoping to do people next. For example, he conducted an experiment with two mice from the same litter, same DNA. They're like twins, except one is biologically older now,

because it's had its DNA manipulated to act older, mimicking the stress that a body goes through as it ages. Then, Sinclair's team says they use cellular reprogramming to restore the old mouse's organs back to a more youthful state. For example, they found that they could safely reverse age-related blindness and rejuvenate the kidneys and the muscle in the mouse. Sinclair started a private company called Life Biosciences. It's raised at least $175 million so far. They're gunning to get this technology into people's eyeballs and cure age-related blindness. He says the eye injection will be ready soon, maybe within a year or two, but it remains to be seen how quickly it can actually move from labs into clinics. And there are other people you may know of who are investing in cellular reprogramming, too. Sam Altman, the billionaire behind ChatGPT, is also gunning for cellular reprogramming.

He's poured $180 million into his longevity startup, Retro Biosciences. I interviewed the CEO of Retro Biosciences, and he told me they're trying a slightly different approach to cellular reprogramming. Take the cells out of someone's body, then reprogram them, and pop them back in. He thinks it might be safer that way. João: The field is maturing because people and investors and rich folks think that there's going to be commercial outputs in it, that they'll be able to make money out of it. That means that we're going to be able to have a product from the field, which is what I want. Hilary: People love to hear that aging is going to be solved and we're all going to live healthily for a very long time. But the reality is, biology's kind of complicated. Tweak a gene here, insert a new program there, and you'll likely kick off multiple other processes.

in the body, including some that could be harmful and may not be immediately obvious, either. Mice have benefited from this kind of reprogramming, but to go from there to ask, you know, can we now start using this in humans? It's a long stretch. And the reason is that we would want to make sure that over decades, you know, it's not going to increase the risk of cancer. What's the point of living an extra 10 years if it's going to cause cancer, increase the risk of cancer before that? The point Ramakrishnan raises here is important. In the early days of using Yamanaka's reprogramming technique, scientists often saw that cells they created could form teratomas, which are a type of tumor. This happened because two of the four genes used in the reprogramming process are oncogenes. Oncogenes are genes that can divide indefinitely,

and that poses a cancer risk. Always keep in mind that an immortal cell is a cancer cell. So, the big danger of partial reprogramming and cell rejuvenation or reprogramming itself is cancer. So, we actually know from studies in mice that if you reprogram the cells a lot, in a mouse, they become cancer. And obviously, you don't want that. So, there is this balance you have to achieve. You want to do it in a safe way that allows to rejuvenate cells without turning them into cancer. There's also a chance that continuously expressing these Yamanaka factors could lead to liver failure or make your intestines shut down. And there may be other toxic effects we haven't even considered yet. I think for several years now, we've seen the Silicon Valley billionaires trying to go after the medical field, and pretty limited success. One of the most stunning and memorable failures in recent memory was probably the blood-testing company Theranos, which ended up basically being a total sham.

These tech entrepreneurs, CEOs, businesspeople, and billionaires have all been really successful in the world of computing and technology, and it seems like they're trying to take this very same technological approach to what are very complex, poorly understood biological problems. So it remains to be seen if you can reprogram a person like you would a computer. But it's an idea that's attracting a lot of money and a lot of scientists. I think it's wonderful that there is more activity, there's more interest, and there's more investment in the field. It just shows that there's more potential. Curing aging would be a monumental achievement, and it would be a huge change in medicine, in healthcare, in society. And I think that would be magnificent and a huge triumph of civilization.

Can The Billion-Dollar Bet On Biotech Reverse Aging? | Life Extended | Business Insider

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스타트업들은 노화 방지 기술 개발을 위해 경쟁하고 있으며, 억만장자들은 이를 위해 막대한 투자를 하고 있습니다.

과학자들은 신체를 젊어지게 하기 위한 세포 재프로그래밍에 집중하고 있으며, 몇 년 안에 잠재적인 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 기대하고 있습니다.

나이가 들면서 줄기세포의 수와 효율성이 감소하면 치유 속도가 느려지고 노화의 징후가 더 많이 나타나며, 시간이 지남에 따라 손상과 기능 장애가 누적됩니다.

노화 방지를 위한 세포 재프로그래밍

시간이 지남에 따라 DNA 손상은 인간 프로그래밍에 결함을 일으켜 세포 기능에 문제를 일으키고 노화의 원인이 됩니다.

2012년 야마나카 신야가 야마나카 인자를 발견하면서 분화된 세포를 줄기세포 상태로 되돌려 조직과 장기를 재생할 수 있는 잠재력을 제공하는 방법이 제시되었습니다.

현재 연구자들은 세포를 젊게 하고 노화의 영향에 맞서 싸우기 위해 세포의 정체성을 유지하면서 더 젊게 행동하도록 하는 부분적인 리프로그래밍을 연구하고 있습니다.

재생 치료는 탈모, 관절 통증, 심장 근육 손상과 같은 노화의 영향을 되돌리기 위한 것입니다.

과학자들은 오래된 세포를 더 젊게 만들기 위해 세포 재프로그래밍과 후성유전학적 약물을 연구하고 있습니다.

이러한 아이디어는 아직 연구 단계에 있지만, 향후 노화를 예방하고 알츠하이머와 같은 질병에 저항할 수 있는 치료법으로 발전할 가능성이 있습니다.

노화 치료에 대한 연구가 급증하면서 세포 재프로그래밍과 수명 연장 치료에 상당한 자금이 유입되고 있습니다.

주목할 만한 투자자로는 제프 베조스와 샘 알트먼이 있으며, 알토스 랩과 레트로 바이오사이언스 같은 스타트업이 이 분야를 선도하고 있습니다.

하버드 대학교의 데이비드 싱클레어 교수는 생쥐와 원숭이를 대상으로 한 실험을 통해 인간의 세포 리프로그래밍 성공을 재현하는 것을 목표로 노화 관련 질환을 되돌리기 위해 노력하고 있습니다.

세포 재프로그래밍의 위험과 잠재력

세포 리프로그래밍은 생쥐에서 가능성을 보였지만 인간에게 적용하면 암 위험 증가에 대한 우려가 제기되고 있습니다.

리프로그래밍 과정에서 발암 유전자를 사용하면 불멸의 세포가 암으로 이어질 수 있기 때문에 위험할 수 있습니다.

인간을 리프로그래밍한다는 아이디어는 상당한 관심과 투자를 받고 있지만, 생물학적 시스템의 복잡성으로 인해 이 접근법이 성공할 수 있을지는 불확실합니다.