빌 게이츠, 영양실조와 글로벌 보건 문제에 대해 말하다

빌 게이츠는 영양실조 문제를 해결하는 것이 빈곤의 함정을 깨고 개발도상국의 경제 성장을 보장하는 데 매우 중요하다고 강조합니다.

### 온난화되는 세상에 영양을 공급하기 위한 경쟁: 빌 게이츠, 영양실조와 세계 보건에 대해 논하다
* 🌍 빌 게이츠는 팬데믹 이후 세계 보건 발전의 놀라운 중단을 강조하는 **2024 골키퍼 보고서의 '온난화 세계에 영양을 공급하기 위한 경쟁'**이라는 제목의 토론을 환영합니다.
* 👶 그는 **영양실조가 여전히 최악의 아동 건강 위기**로 남아 있으며, 이는 정신적, 신체적 능력 발달을 위협하여 국가를 빈곤에 빠뜨린다고 강조합니다.
* 📉 게이츠는 아동 사망률이 **2000년 천만 명이 넘었던 것이 2020년에는 5백만 명 이하**로 크게 개선되었지만 팬데믹과 관련된 문제로 인해 정체되었다고 지적합니다.
* 💰 영양실조로 인한 경제적 영향은 심각하며, 특히 아프리카 같은 지역의 교육과 일자리 기회에 영향을 미쳐 **3조 달러의 생산성 손실**이 발생할 것으로 추정됩니다.
* 🥦 영양실조 문제를 해결하기 위한 솔루션은 **태아 영양소 공급과 강화 식품 제공** 등 지나치게 복잡하지 않으며, 저렴하게 실행하여 문제의 거의 절반을 해결할 수 있습니다.
* 🔬 게이츠는 **장 건강을 회복하는 프로바이오틱스의 잠재력**과 최빈층을 위한 식량 안보 및 건강 솔루션을 강화하는 데 있어 **AI를 포함한 혁신의 역할**에 대해 이야기합니다.
* 🤝 그는 선진국 예산의 일부만이라도 빈곤 국가를 지원해야 한다고 주장하며, **단돈 1,000달러로도 생명을 구할 수 있다**고 강조하며 선진국의 지속적인 지원에 대한 희망을 표명했습니다.
* 💪 전쟁과 팬데믹으로 인한 좌절에도 불구하고 게이츠는 **"구한 모든 생명이 정말 중요하다"**며 영양실조와의 싸움에 대해 낙관적인 태도를 유지하며 글로벌 보건 이니셔티브에 대한 자신의 의지를 강조했습니다.

We want to welcome Bill Gates. Joining us to discuss what is the goalkeepers report for 2024, the title of which is The Race to Nourish a Warming World. Now, in this report, you talk of a global health boom that we all experience from the year 2000 to 2020. That has come to a screeching halt. And in particular, you single out the worst child health crisis being malnutrition. Why is malnutrition such an issue? Yeah. So the incredible progress we made since the turn of the century until the start of the pandemic, you know, really should be celebrated. We brought our child to death down from over 10 million a year to under 5 million. And then it plateaued. It plateaued, you know, because the interest costs for the poor countries and the pandemic itself. But we want to get back to that rapid improvement. We do need to make progress on

malnutrition to do that, because if you don't get the right food when your before you're born and in your early years, your brain and your body never develop. And so your mental and physical capabilities are far, far short of what they should be, which is not only a tragedy for you, but your country, where the young people are the key driver for their economic growth. They get into a poverty trap when they have very, very high malnutrition. The long-term implications for the individual. Claire, can you paint the economic impact of this? Have you risen the data on it? Yeah. So the a whole generation that's malnourished, you know, then as they grow up, your investments in educating them aren't going to work as well. Your ability to move to higher-paying activities, you know, it gets stalled. And without that engine of productivity, you don't get the tax collection that lets you put even more into the school.

system. And so that's where you get trapped, particularly in Africa, where the conditions are challenging. The population growth makes it more challenging. And then climate change, which is affecting the ability to grow food, has its most negative effect, particularly near the equator and in poor countries. I think a figure of some $3 trillion in productivity is lost. But sort of the irony of all of this, bill, is that in many ways the solutions aren't rocket science. It's about giving prenatal nutrients to mothers in the form of but a bit of folic acid or vitamins to be enriched. What else could be done, though, to more seriously impact and reduce this malnutrition? Well, in the last ten years, we've gained a deep understanding of what goes on, that if you don't get the right food directly, your stomach gets inflamed and then you can't absorb the food that

you're eating. And that's partly because you're not getting the right vitamins. You know, we can help with that by making sure that during pregnancy your mother gets those vitamins and then later that the food you eat is fortified in the right ways. And that can be done very inexpensively. And so cheap solutions that are ready to scale address almost half of this problem. And then we have a pipeline of innovation that'll go after the rest of it. But it's clear what we need to do to enable these kids to achieve their potential. Can you talk about that pipeline of innovation a little bit more? What excites you that. Well, what we've seen is that the microbiome, which is the term for all the bacteria growing in your gut, can get into a bad state. And so we want to get it back to that non-inflamed state. And when I approach that, we're trialing

is actually to eat a probiotic. We're actually the good bacteria. Get into your stomach and outcompete the bad bacteria. We think that would be quite beneficial. You know, we have that out in countries to see the effects and then we'd have to drive the price of that down so that it can join these other tactics as proven ways to help out all of these kids. The innovation is obviously something we lean into when we think ultimately of Bill Gates. You're the guy who's every other question at the moment, I'm sure, is about generative AI. Is there anything within these new developments that the whole world is obsessing about that is helping in practical ways for malnutrition and for world health? Well, he, you know, malnutrition in some ways to see, you know, such a basic thing. You know, so we do need to raise money to get resources for this so that the poor countries, you know, get out of the

poverty trap and then are self-sufficient. The innovation is going to accelerate. Tools like A.I. are helping us understand the God, the immune system. You know, how to design vaccines in a very deep way. And, you know, the key thing that the foundation has, my innovation, is making sure it's not just helping the rich countries, but it's helping the poorest. And so, you know, can they get medical advice in their native language, on their cell phone? Can they have their diseases that are so ignored, like malaria? Can we use it to develop ways to not only reduce that, but eventually eradicate it? And so, you know, that's where the foundation is looking at the innovation and making sure that it's benefiting those most in need. The Foundation Talking with global leaders often, I'm sure global leaders of wealthy developed nations who are preoccupied right now with their own

political instabilities, their own worries about the cost of living. Will you get the help you need from developed nations, do you think? Now? That's a very good question. You know, the dream is that even in the face of huge budgetary challenges that all countries have, that they would be willing to have one or 2% that go to help the poorest, to help these countries move forward. And these are things where you're saving a life for less than $1,000 per life saved. So, you know, very catalytic. Very well measured. You know, I wouldn't be putting my money in unless I knew that it was extremely well spent. And so we're trying to keep this on the agenda to continue that miracle that took place where we made so much progress, getting rid of childhood death. You talk of that miracle. And I've got to ask you, as someone who, you know, almost sees us taking those

steps ahead, and then it feels as though something gets in the way. Call it a war, call it a global epidemic. And we take what feels like two steps back. Do you ever just lose confidence? Do you ever feel that this is a fight that can't be won? Well, I will say that when we set the current goals, the United Nations, which are called the Sustainable Development Goals, we didn't anticipate a pandemic. We didn't anticipate the financial difficulties that the African countries would find themselves in, paying more in interest than they can for health and education. And we didn't anticipate the wars that have broken out, both Ukraine and in several others, including the Middle East. And so the goals we set for 2030. You know, you look back and, you know, it feels a bit naive, but, you know, every life saved really counts. You know, here we're talking about millions of lives.

We're talking about making these countries stable, having health systems so that if there are potential pandemics getting started, they can stop it before it spreads globally. So, not only the moral benefits, but the global benefits are pretty strong. And yes, it's harder today than it was a few years ago to get through the noise level to get this cause to be heard. But, you know, because it's about helping other humans, I think we'll succeed. You know, we're very committed to it. Well, thank you for talking us through accelerating the progress towards the global goals. Appreciate it. Bill Gates, thank you for your time. Thank you.

Bill Gates on Fighting the Nutrition Crisis With Cows

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골키퍼 보고서 2024: 온난화되는 세상에 영양을 공급하기 위한 경쟁

빌 게이츠는 2000년부터 2020년까지 세계 보건의 발전이 멈춘 것을 언급하며 영양실조를 최악의 아동 건강 위기로 꼽았습니다.

중요한 성장기에 적절한 영양 섭취가 부족하면 장기적으로 정신적, 신체적 발달에 문제가 생겨 개인과 국가가 빈곤의 악순환에 갇히게 됩니다.

또한 영양실조는 교육 투자를 저해하고 경제적 생산성을 저해하여 세금 징수 및 학교에 대한 추가 투자에 부정적인 영향을 미칩니다.

아프리카의 영양실조 문제 해결

아프리카의 영양실조는 인구 증가와 기후 변화로 인해 더욱 악화되어 3조 달러의 생산성 손실을 초래하고 있습니다.

태아기 영양소 공급 및 식품 강화와 같은 간단한 해결책으로 문제의 절반을 해결할 수 있습니다.

장내 미생물 복원에 초점을 맞춘 혁신의 파이프라인이 영양실조 퇴치를 위해 시험되고 있습니다.

프로바이오틱스와 AI를 활용한 영양실조 퇴치

프로바이오틱스, 즉 좋은 박테리아는 특히 빈곤국 어린이들의 건강을 개선하고 나쁜 박테리아를 퇴치할 수 있는 잠재적인 해결책으로 연구되고 있습니다.

빌 게이츠 재단은 AI를 비롯한 혁신을 활용하여 면역 체계를 이해하고, 백신을 설계하고, 도움이 필요한 사람들을 위해 모국어로 된 의료 자문을 제공하고 있습니다.

재단은 말라리아와 같은 소외된 질병을 해결하고 재단의 자원과 혁신이 최빈국의 자급자족에 도움이 되도록 하는 것을 목표로 합니다.

선진국들은 예산의 1~2%를 최빈국을 돕기 위해 할당해야 하며, 생명을 구하는 개입에 드는 비용은 한 명당 1,000달러 미만입니다.

아동 사망률 감소를 위한 진전은 전염병과 전쟁과 같은 예기치 못한 도전으로 인해 위험에 처해 있습니다.

유엔의 2030년 지속 가능한 개발 목표는 이러한 글로벌 위기에 비추어 볼 때 순진한 목표처럼 느껴지지만, 모든 생명을 구하는 것은 여전히 중요한 일입니다.

글로벌 보건을 위한 안정적인 국가 만들기

국가를 안정시키고 보건 시스템을 개선하여 잠재적인 팬데믹이 전 세계로 확산되는 것을 방지하는 데 초점을 맞추고 있습니다.

이러한 노력의 도덕적, 전 세계적 이익은 상당합니다.

이러한 대의에 대한 관심을 얻는 데는 어려움이 있지만, 이러한 글로벌 목표를 향한 진전을 이루기 위한 강력한 의지가 있습니다.