Are you free? Free to choose what you do 
and make decisions? Or are you an NPC, unable to decide anything for yourself? Do you 
feel that you have control over your life, or at least what you’ll have for breakfast? 
But this may be an illusion. Physics actually may force you to go through life as 
if on rails, with no free will at all. You experience free will all the time. Like when you decided to watch this video 
instead of doing something useful. Free will is your ability to decide by yourself 
what you do. It means that the future is an open arena that you can shape with your actions. It’s 
at the core of human relationships – it means you are responsible for your actions, which 
is the basis of our moral and legal systems. There are too many dimensions for one short 
video – moral, psychological, biological, so we’ll focus on the most essential 
part: Is free will even possible?

Two main philosophical camps are fighting 
about this. No matter how we represent them, they'll be upset about it – so we’ll use 
our own words. The first camp claims that the very idea of free will is fundamentally 
incompatible with the laws of the universe: You Are an NPC. Whatever “you” exactly are, it's 
somehow made up of your physical brain and body. And these are made of cells, which are made of 
proteins, which are made of atoms and particles like protons or electrons. So fundamentally, you are a specific, quite 
lovely, dynamic pattern of particles. Particles have no will, no motivation, no freedom, 
they blindly follow the laws of physics. And we don’t know why, but most laws 
of physics are deterministic – which means that things happen the way they do 
because of the things that came before. If you play pool and hit a ball at a specific 
speed and angle, the laws of physics tell you

exactly how all the balls on the table will behave – their speeds, recoil directions, everything. These laws completely decide the behavior of all balls on the table. At the microscopic level things work very much like that, only without players. Actions and reactions affect all the particles in the universe, creating a chain of causal effects that extends throughout time, from the past to the future. Things happen, making other things happen. Now imagine that if, right after the Big Bang, a super smart supercomputer looked at every single particle in the universe and noted all their properties. Just by applying the deterministic laws of physics, it should be able to predict what all the particles in existence would be doing until the end of time. But if you are made of particles and it’s technically possible to calculate what particles will do forever, then you never decided anything. Your past, present and future were already predetermined and decided at the

Big Bang. That would mean there is a kind of 
fate, and you are not free to decide anything. You may feel like you make decisions, 
but you're actually on autopilot. The motions of the particles that make 
up your brain cells that made you watch this video were decided 14 billion 
years ago. You are just in the room when it happens. You're only witnessing how the 
universe inside you unfolds in real time. But this can’t be true because of quantum 
mechanics, right? Quantum processes are intrinsically random, not deterministic, and 
can’t be predicted with total certainty. On the quantum pool table, balls can go 
randomly left or up or banana. Their behavior isn’t set by what came before 
but randomly decided in real time. But for the no-free-will camp, this doesn’t 
affect their argument. They think that since quantum processes are random, they don’t allow 
you to make any decisions. Because if there is

randomness for the things that fundamentally make up your brain and body. These random processes make the decisions for you. How? Say an electron can randomly go right or left. If it goes left, it triggers electric currents between your neurons that create a neuronal process, which triggers a long chain of actions that make you watch a youtube video. Or it goes right and makes you clean your room. Just because the chain is extremely complex doesn’t mean you have any control over it. So maybe your fate was not decided at the Big Bang, but it is decided at this very moment. The important part is that it's not decided by you. You get no say in this, you have no free will. Wow. This is kind of a bummer because the argument fundamentally seems to make sense. Except nooooooo, screams the free will side, this is a really bad way to think about the universe.

You Are The Main Character. We know that we can reduce everything that 
exists to its basic particles and the laws that guide them. While this makes physics feel like the 
only scientific discipline that actually matters, there is a problem: You can’t explain everything 
in our universe only in terms of particles. One key fact about reality that we can’t 
explain by looking just at electrons and quantum stuff is emergence. Emergence is 
when many small things together create new fundamental traits that didn’t exist before. A drop of water is just a 
sextillion H2O molecules. If you get water on your pants, they get 
wet. But what is… wetness? H2O molecules are not wet. But your pants are definitely 
wet now. Many small things together just created something new that doesn't exist 
at the level of the individual molecules. Emergence occurs at all levels of reality, 
and reality seems to be organized in layers:

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, you,
society. Put many things in one layer together and they’ll create the next layer up. Every
time they do, entirely new properties emerge. One Atom can’t handle information, but many
of them together can form a DNA molecule. Molecules are not alive, but many of them can form
a cell, and cells are alive. With each jump up the complexity ladder the rules of what's possible
change. Completely new things emerge that are much more than the sum of their parts. And here the
reductionist view of the universe breaks down. The layers of reality need each other to make
sense. You can explain living things with cells, cells with molecules, and molecules
with atoms. But because of emergence, you can’t start with quantum particles and
reconstruct the universe. You can’t explain galaxies with quantum mechanics,
or human psychology with quarks.

This is not the whole story. Reality is not 
just structured in layers, but for some reason, 
the layers are also largely independent of 
each other. Things existing within the same 
layer can influence each other and maybe 
a layer up or down. But often they don’t 
seem to influence things much higher up or 
down. To figure out how your organs work, 
you don’t need quarks. To understand politics, 
you don’t need to know about cells! If you want 
to explain things happening on one layer, you 
can only do that by staying close to that layer. “Noooooooo,” screams the no-free-will camp 
in frustration. “You can’t just 
use magic to explain free will!” But the emergence argument doesn’t invoke 
magic. It just says that thinking about free 
will in terms of determinism and fundamental 
laws is a dead end. A kind of category error, 
like trying to explain galaxies by 
looking at your digestive tract.

It is part of a reductionist school 
of thinking about the universe that very successfully shaped science for a long 
time – but that's challenged by emergence. So maybe, trying to understand free will 
by looking at fundamental particles, deterministic laws, and quantum 
mechanics misses the point. The question we should be asking is: which 
layer of reality is relevant to free will? Well, just like no individual molecule creates 
wetness, not a single cell in your brain wants to watch Youtube. But one layer up, your 
brain made of 80 billion interconnected neurons does. On this layer, all the things 
relevant to you emerge: your consciousness, character, feelings, your fears, and dreams. This 
is where you emerge. We don’t know why and how, but we know that you're here, right now. 
How all the things going on in your brain play off each other to make you who you are 
is a whole different can of worms – but on

this layer of reality, you are part of the 
decision process. Because, at this level,   “you” are just one more physical cause of 
whatever happens in your brain. You are shaped   by your decisions, and your decisions are shaped by 
you. You have a say about this layer of reality. You are not just witnessing how the 
universe inside you unfolds – you’re   actually taking part in it! And 
you are free to do so however   you see fit. At least, this is how 
some on the free will side see it. Conclusion and Opinion So who is right? Is there free will? We 
don’t know. If you ask us personally,   we think the argument for free will 
is more appealing because it brings   the complexity of the universe to the table. 
Maybe existence is just the sum of its parts,   but at least for now it seems 
the universe is not that simple. But even if we don’t have free will, it’s 
not clear what that changes for practical.

purposes. You and us, we humans, on a purely 
subjective basis, feel like we have free will, and that your decisions are yours to make. As 
long as we are not sure either way, and if it feels like you are making decisions, what does 
it matter if a non-existent supercomputer could have calculated the future at the big bang? 
Or if quantum stuff all the way down randomly nudges your cells one way or the other. Free 
will that feels free is good enough for us. In any case, now you can decide what to do 
next. Maybe get some stuff done? Or watch more of our videos? It’s your decision! Probably. At least you can pick which 
video to watch next - in theory. What you have really almost no control 
over is how the state of the world is presented to you in the news. Algorithms are constantly working 
behind the scenes to decide which information to

show you, and alarmist headlines get amplified 
over straightforward reporting. But Ground News, the sponsor of this video, can give you 
back a feeling of independence. They gather related news articles from around the 
world in one place so you can compare coverage. For example, last month the UK government 
passed a bill to deport asylum seekers to Rwanda. This bill was widely covered by more 
than 150 news sources around the world. And using the Ground News Blindspot feed you can see 
how this event is being framed by both sides of the political spectrum - instead of one side 
that an algorithm has decided you align with. Right-leaning sources focused on the idea 
that migrants are continuing to cross the Channel despite the bill’s attempt to act as a 
deterrent, while left-leaning sources focus on human rights groups' opposition to the bill.
This way you can compare different viewpoints from all over the world, see how the story 
and coverage change and be better equipped

to engage in constructive dialogue with those who hold different views. Go to ground dot news slash nutshell to give it a try. If you sign up through this link, you’ll get 40% off the unlimited access plan. We think they do an important job. If you’re not completely free in your decision to stop scrolling, at least take control over what occupies your mind. Buckle up! Our latest limited edition pin is available for pre-order now. And this time it's personal. It represents nothing less than the philosophy of kurzgesagt. This world is a scary place. As far as we know, the whole universe will die one day. What does life even mean? Will we ever figure out why we exist? This could be terrifying. But this also means that we're not bound by any rules or purpose. If our life is all we get to experience, then it's the only thing that matters. We are truly free.

in a universe-sized playground. So, we might as well aim to be happy and make the most of it. Counter existential dread with optimistic nihilism and wear this pin as a reminder to make the most of your precious time on Earth. We will too. Like life and the universe itself, this pin’s existence is fleeting. It’s available only for pre-order and only for 72 hours. So complete your kurzgesagt pin collection or start a new one. The next limited edition pin will be revealed soon. Every single purchase unlocks another moment we get to spend creating and perfecting our videos. Thank you so, so much for your support! To help you make the most of your life, we've created a Curiosity Guide that will take you on epic adventures to change your perspective on the world.

Are You an NPC?

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