메소아메리카 문명: 부상, 미스터리, 그리고 유산

중남미 문명은 번성하기도 하고 붕괴에 직면하기도 했으며 식민지 정복과 내부 갈등으로 인해 형성되었습니다.

### 콜럼버스 이전 메소아메리카의 신비한 역사와 스페인 정복의 영향
* 🏛️  마야 문자는 문명의 몰락에 대해 침묵하고 있어 고대 메소아메리카의 종말에 대한 수수께끼를 남깁니다.
* 🌎  메소아메리카의 비옥한 땅과 물에 대한 접근성은 어머니 문명인 올멕족의 출현과 이 지역의 지식과 무역의 확산으로 이어졌습니다.
* 🗿  마야의 성공과 수수께끼 같은 붕괴, 그리고 번영했지만 불안정했던 고전 시기는 몰락의 원인에 대한 의문을 불러일으켰습니다.
* 🏹  테오티우아칸의 영향력과 갑작스러운 쇠퇴, 그 후 메소아메리카의 정치 및 상업적 권력의 신비로운 중단은 역사적 수수께끼를 남겼습니다.
* 💰  톨텍족의 부상과 아즈텍 제국의 건국, 그리고 그들의 인신 희생 관행은 콜럼버스 이전 메소아메리카의 풍경을 형성했습니다.
* 🌐  스페인의 중앙 아메리카 정복, 질병의 파괴적인 영향, 은과 노예의 착취는 멕시코의 격동적인 식민지 시대에 기여했습니다.
* ⛪  가톨릭의 영향, 문화적 혼합, 버번 개혁의 영향으로 멕시코 혁명과 독립 이후 불안정한 시기를 맞이하게 됩니다.
* 🔔  프랑스의 개입, 멕시코 내전, 보수파와 자유주의자 간의 장기간의 투쟁은 멕시코 역사에서 변화의 속도가 느리고 격동적인 특성을 반영합니다.
* 🌍  외국 개입의 영향, 계급 전쟁의 복잡성, 안정에 대한 추구가 멕시코의 역사적 발전을 형성했습니다.
* 🦋  논란이 많은 에르난 코르테스라는 인물과 멕시코의 식민지 시대를 이해하는 것은 필수적이며, 호기심 스트림과 네뷸라는 역사 및 교육 콘텐츠를 탐색하는 데 유용한 리소스를 제공합니다.

the samurai limited edition pin is available now. Hurry and order now before they run out, or get one for free by signing up at patreon like all of these nice people. This episode is supported by CuriosityStream. Sign up today and get access to Nebula, a streaming platform for creators by creators. Mystery, that is the word you'd use most often when studying ancient pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Not because we don't know what happened, but more because we don't know why it stopped happening. The oldest American writing system, the Mayan script, is suspiciously quiet about events leading up to the fall of great civilizations. Is this because of ignorance or neglect, or more morbidly because dire circumstances prevented records from even being made in the first place? We just don't know. Mystery. If you were going to start a civilization on the American continent, southern Mexico would not be a bad place to start. Mesoamerica was a warmer and more temperate congregation point for the continent's new migrants. Paleo.

Indians arriving over the Bering land bridge from Siberia to build a civilization. You need four things: people, a stable climate, access to water, and a staple food crop. These secret ingredients were bountiful in the south: lush rivers, domesticated maize plants, only the occasional drought, and soon enough, the Olmecs. With access to some of America's most virulent crops, three important cities emerged on three river systems. Civilization was born; along with it came culture and trade. It's a lot easier to pass down knowledge if you all live in one place. The Olmecs are considered the mother civilization of all Central America for good reason, spreading their way further outward while trading with every other pre-Columbian civilization that would follow. Mysteriously, Olmecs eventually faded from their prominence, perhaps due to their rivers silting up, but the hard work was already done, and knowledge had spread all the way down those trade routes. [Music] It is not surprising to see the various civilizations that sprang up on those

old trade routes. The Maya, who had existed for centuries in the Guatemalan highlands, had descended into Yucatan for trade and had learned a thing or two about this whole new civilization thing. But what made them particularly successful was their abundant access to limestone, which is not only great for building cities that can endure all manner of erosion and earthquakes, but also great for filtering clean drinking water in underground caves. The first major power in the region, Kaminaljuyu, rose up to prominence for its control of the obsidian trade. From there, the Maya would spread further into the Petén Basin and then into Yucatan, building from limestone as they went. And then, all of a sudden, nothing - abandoned cities, defunct trade networks, and derelict monuments. The mysterious pre-classical Mayan collapse. Archaeologists have been scratching their heads about what led to this downfall. Was it war? Was it famine? We just don't know. There is nothing written about it, nothing we have records of anyway, and even less in the way of

archaeological findings, which only gets more confusing with what comes after the classical Mayan period, is probably the one you're most familiar with. Most of their scientific achievements comes from this area, including the long count calendar, which caused a bit of a stir back in 2012 for its supposed prediction of the end of the world. But there is no evidence that the Maya ever actually, you know, thought this. This was both the most prosperous period and the one we know most about, with cities and monuments recording dates and events using their calendars, and science and engineering feats advancing their understanding of the natural world. Power returned in the form of powerful city-states, not much unlike classical Greece or modern Monaco, I guess. City-states are a lot rarer these days, but anyway, as you may expect, having a whole bunch of cities in one area competing for resources is kind of a recipe for disaster in the long run, and these Mayan ones were no exception. A great example of this was the war.

between its two most powerful cities, Tikal and Kalakmal, a conflict which has its origins in the invasion and subsequent installation of a new dynasty in Tikal by the great city of Teotihuacan. Wait, wait, wait. Who the heck are these guys? Uh, welcome to yet another one of Mesoamerica's great mysteries. Teotihuacan was an absolutely massive city all the way over here in the Valley of Mexico. Its people, as well as who built it, is unfortunately lost to time. But at its peak for about five centuries, it ruled the trade between the vibrant civilizations of the south and the nomads of the north. And with such power and grandiosity, they were often meddling in the affairs of cities all over Central America. Their hostile takeover of the throne of Tikal would so destabilize the geopolitics of the region that the aforementioned war would dominate the later part of the Classic Maya life for three centuries. And then, almost out of nowhere again, nothing. Cities abandoned and trade ceasing, similar to the situation that

happened before the classical mind collapse is one of the greatest mysteries of the historical and archaeological world. Political and mercantile power simply vanished without any obvious historical culprit. Theories range as to what caused this. The constant warring probably didn't help, but equally perplexing is that even Teotihuacan itself had collapsed earlier, with evidence of riots and looting against the ruling class. Did whatever caused the great city's inhabitants to rise up against their rulers also eventually lead to the classical mind collapse? Who knows. What we do know is that the post-classic period would never rise up to the Maya's former glory and would remain as a warlike in-fighting civilization until its own collapse at the hands of the Spanish. But now let's return to central Mexico for a moment. What became of the ruins of Teotihuacan? Well, as you'd imagine, these guys left one pretty big power vacuum, and with such a prosperous area, it wasn't long before one of their more militarized subjects, the Toltecs, fill the void.

more of a conquering type than a ruling type. It is really their descendant civilizations that become important. The Aztecs actually came comparatively late to the pre-Columbian game considering how powerful they were. But how they actually started was an alliance of three former Toltec cities, the most important of which was Tenochtitlan. And it is here we finally get a great founding myth with a unique Mexican flavour. The story goes that the Mexicas people built their city on an island after they had a prophecy of an eagle with a snake landing on a cactus. There, not deterred with the prospect of drowning, the Mexicas built an explosively massive city, not only easy to defend but also to supply with food and water from the lake that surrounded it. The so-called Triple Alliance between Tenochtitlan and its neighbors would form what we now know as the Aztec Empire, which is quickly able to conquer much of the former Toltec lands.

they are also known for their extensive practice of human sacrifice. Because the idea was that the gods blessed them when given human blood. Kinda hard to argue that when you're the most powerful empire in the continent at the time. And one way they captured slaves for human sacrifice was through ritual warfare, the so-called flower wars. The Aztecs have earned their place firmly within the Mexican national consciousness, thanks in large part to them being the last great formidable empire in North America when the Spanish arrived. Now, I've used the term pre-Columbian a lot during this video. And that's not because the famous sailor Christopher Columbus ever actually went to Mexico. But rather refers to an event called the Colombian Exchange, the Eastern Hemisphere's discovery of this new world which would eventually become known as America. Was massively important to history, hard to overstate really. The period was the largest cultural, religious, and economic exchange the world has ever known. Fundamentally and irrevocably changing

the trajectory of both the old world and the new, concurrent to this exchange, was conquest. If you're going to pick a European nation to discover and then begin the conquest of Central America with the least amount of chaos, you probably wouldn't want to have picked 16th-century Spain. They were, after all, at the end of the Reconquista, a centuries-long process of expelling Muslims, Jews, practitioners of paganism, and witchcraft from Iberia, backed by the Catholic Church. At the same time, they were increasingly hungry to gain wealth previously controlled by the Muslims, and they had just discovered a previously unknown landmass to the west, so it seemed like the perfect place to start. Driven by tales of golden cities and swathes of people to convert to Christianity, early colonizers of Central America were conquerors, so-called conquistadors, such as the famous Hernan Cortes, cleverly allying himself with various cities that the Aztecs had conquered. Cortes destroyed

tinuchitlan, and upon its ruins, would build a new city, Mexico, meaning place of the Mexicas. The Viceroyalty of New Spain would be the new power in the region. Merchants, conquistadors, explorers, and pirates soon arrived in the thousands to this new colony, many enslaving the natives in a system called the encomienda. Along with them came missionaries and religious zealots with the goal of converting the heathens from what they perceived to be their barbaric pagan religion, burning their historical and scientific writings, fearing them as being works of the devil. The Spanish conquests were a particularly devastating period for Mexico. The Maya, for example, were weak and disunited and should have been easy pickings, but they took decades to conquer, fighting in dense jungle in guerilla warfare, ambushing the Spanish and laying complicated booby traps, forever fueling the idea that the New World was a barbaric and uncivilized place. The real war, however, was not against the Spanish.

but against diseases measles influenza typhoid yellow fever, and especially smallpox Amerindian peoples of the New World had no exposure to these diseases before the Colombian Exchange. Combining these epidemics with asymmetric warfare against the more advanced weaponry and technology of the Europeans. Modern estimates vary on the death rate of these conquests, some ranging as high as 90 percent. To the north with the Chichimeca, a confederation of nomadic Indians who were so powerful that the Spanish fought the longest and most expensive war of their entire colonial venture trying to subjugate them, being defeated time and time again before eventually resorting to diplomacy. But why were the Spanish willing to compromise? Silver. Many of the most prominent conquistadors were motivated by wealth. When the Aztec gold turned out to be not quite as bountiful as expected, explorers went in search of minerals elsewhere, and they found the jackpot in Zacatecas. Silver flooded the market from this mine, making colonizers and the Spanish rich beyond measure. New Spain's silver

production was rivaled only by peru, and so bountiful that the inflation rate would not only flood the international market, but also bring about the temporary economic collapse of both new spain and even china. How's that for a weird achievement? Besides silver and cash crops, the Spanish Main, as it was known, also dealt in other less savory trade: slaves. Although relatively few African slaves ended up in Mexico itself, the wealth created by those silver mines has a lot to do with the demand increase for these West African captives, and so the transatlantic slave trade was born. Like elsewhere in Latin America, New Spain enforced a strict caste system, which defined a social hierarchy on racial grounds, with Spaniards at the top, followed by Spaniards born in New Spain, then mixed race, and finally the lowest of them all, Native American Indians. Let's not mince words here, this was a way of controlling people, making it harder for the disenfranchised to succeed in society, and also keeping their elites loyal and happy. It is in

this strange new geopolitical landscape. The defining characteristics formed of what it meant to be Mexican, or what it eventually meant anyway. And perhaps nothing was more important than the identity of being Catholic. Catholicism was already immensely important to the Spaniards, but to make it a truly Mexican religion, it would need to appeal to everyone else. And so, it would be by the miraculous apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe. Perhaps no greater symbol of Mexico's devout. The image, which appeared to an Aztec named Juan Diego, was interpreted as a Christian incarnation of the goddess Tanatsin, and to the Spaniards as a native incarnation of the Virgin Mary. As a mestizo, she was half Spaniard, half native. And so, the Lady would forever symbolize the unity of these two races, and the faith would spread throughout the land, blending Christian beliefs with American ones, forming a truly unique flavor of Christianity. Even blending long-practiced traditions of venerating the dead with Hallowtide to form what would become known as Dia de Muertos. The

day of the dead. In fact, cultural blending, in essence, is what makes Mexico what it is today. Everything from food, music, the aforementioned religion, alcohol, and even its people, is a blend of Spanish and Amerindian influences. Today, Mexico is the largest mixed-race nation in the world, with more than 80% of its citizens belonging to the mestizo classification. Although life was already hard in New Spain due to the economic collapse, it was the New Spanish monarchy, the Bourbons, reforming the colony that really made life more difficult. The Bourbon reforms aimed to boost the production and exports in the New World and to make the colony more economically dependent on Spain itself. And in a time when mestizos, creoles, with a vast majority of the population, it's not hard to see that the elite peninsulares were the only ones who really benefited from this. The growing discontent was also taking place during the Enlightenment when all sorts of power dynamics were being scrutinized. So, it makes sense that revolution was soon on the doorstep.

it needed was a catalyst, which would come confusingly in the form of the French. When Napoleon invaded Spain, he basically threw centuries of political establishment out the window, putting his brother on the throne and making all manner of a mess in Spain's colonies, who really didn't know how to react. When instability arrives in long-established power dynamics, that is usually when revolutions happen. And with New Spain, it is no different. Peninsularis just wanted the old Bourbon king back, the Creoles just wanted to get rid of the Peninsularis, and the mestizos just wanted to get rid of both the Peninsulars and the Creoles because they couldn't really tell the difference anyway. Soon, the whole nation was up in arms with competing aims that changed over time. But toward the end of the uprising, it was all gun ho for independence. Getting all the factions to agree what they were fighting for was the real challenge, however, and would only be duct-taped together in a

compromise called the three guarantees. Mexico would be founded on the principles of unity, independence from Spain, and Catholicism. The war lasted 11 years, fought not only with Napoleonic Spain, but also the restored Bourbons. The new nation would be named after their Aztec ancestors, upon which they had built their capital city. But the Aztecs never called themselves Aztecs, but rather Mexicas, and their land was Mexico. But history tends to call this era the First Mexican Empire because one, it had an emperor, and two, it ruled much of what we call Central America as well. And putting it diplomatically, the empire came to an end after just two years, mostly because factions who supported one of the three guarantees always just kind of felt that they didn't much care for the other two beyond, you know, winning a war. And so the whole thing kind of just fell apart because nation-building is hard. So hard, in fact, that the next century is what you would call a very messy time, if mystery is a great

word for pre-Columbian Mexico. Then, instability would be the word for post-independence. Split into two factions, the liberals and the conservatives constantly overthrowing one another. Central America politely opted out in 1823. Texas impolitely opted out in 1835. When the second Mexican Republic came to power, they wanted Texas back, which was a bit hard for them to do when the United States annexed it in 1845. Mexico would fight a devastating war with the US, losing not only Texas but nearly half of their territory in the process, which, as you can imagine, didn't really help with stability. So, if you've ever wondered why this half of America has so many Spanish names, now you know better. Sharing the blame for Mexico's instability, though, would be an early charismatic leader named Lopez de Santa Anna. Serving as president a whopping 12 times as an autocrat, deeply unpopular for losing the war and ceding so much land to America, he was exiled in 1855.

the same year, a radical new set of changes called the liberal reform came into place, which, as you might guess with a name like that, ruffled more than a few conservative feathers, which began the reform war. Only with the help of the united states, with the liberals under benito juarez able to push the conservatives back. I really wish I had more time to talk about this era, but the main thing to take away here is that the conservative elites continue to be a problem in mexico, quietly waiting for an opportunity to strike and come back to power, and that opportunity, rather confusingly, again was french. Turns out that wars are pretty expensive, and mexico was beginning to rack up something of a significant debt, especially with france. France also saw a really good opportunity to work with the conservative monarchists to bring back the mexican empire, so as to counteract the influence of the growing united states. Fair enough, really. And so began the second french intervention in mexico, because believe it or not, they'd actually briefly done this before.

in 1938, during the Pastry War (good name, by the way), there's nothing quite like a foreign enemy to rally the country together. After briefly declaring the Second Mexican Empire, the French were soon driven out. One of the most famous legacies of the war was the Battle of Puebla, where on the 5th of May, or Cinco de Mayo, the numerically inferior and outgunned Mexican army defeated the French, providing a huge morale boost to the nation, especially for the liberals who had defended the country, rather than the conservatives who had supported the French. But before anyone really had time to bask in this great victory, a general named Porfirio Diaz led a coup against the president in 1876, mainly because he was against the practice of a president serving more than one term. Just by the way, he served seven terms himself. Porfirio was something of a dictator and established order with an iron fist, running unopposed in a bid to provide some stability for Mexico, to encourage foreign investment, and for all.

intents and purposes, the country did modernize, and the economy did start doing really well. If by that you mean that the rich got richer and the poor got poorer, but so what else is new. Unfortunately, Porfirio hadn't really made a plan for a world without Porfirio, and after failing to step down as promised in 1910 and jailing his opponent, the country had had enough. Soon, it was revolution. Diaz was voted out in favour of one Francisco Madero, but to a nation in absolute chaos, Madeira managed to be unpopular with both the left, who thought he was too conservative, and the right, who thought he was too liberal, leading to his own ousting and assassination. During the ten tragic days, Victorio Huerta, who had led the coup, had taken it too far. The country wanted Madeira out of office, but murder they could not stand by. Huerta was himself ousted by the revolutionaries during the first World War, and now with no president and large bands of armed

revolutionaries roaming the countryside. It's not hard to guess what came next - the Mexican Civil War, with 1.5 million lives lost, 1 in 10 of the total population. The devastating war concluded with the Constitutionalists' faction of Venustiano Carranza being victorious, but stability was not a luxury Mexico would enjoy for long. President after president was assassinated in the 1920s before Plutarco Elias Calles came to power, enraged by what he believed to be the true root of Mexico's problems - Catholics. Another war would erupt with Mexico's devout Cristeros, the armies of Christ, seeking religious freedom. The political party established by these revolutionary presidents, by the way, would remain in power in Mexico until the year 2000. To give you something of an insight into the rampant instability that characterized Mexico's 20th century, Mexico today still has its problems, although they have come very far. The situation in Latin American countries provides an interesting insight into

understanding the post-colonial world. We tend to think of the decolonization timeline as: America got it first, Africa and Asia got it last, and all other countries got it somewhere in between. Where in that timeline it happened really did matter, informing the nations we see today. Lots of major world events happened in this timeline, each with its own influence on the world. Mexico was still struggling with the deeply entrenched political status quo of their Spanish rulers during their independence movement, providing a petri dish for class warfare. Class warfare is only exacerbated in times of intellectual proliferation, such as during the Enlightenment, which, if well armed, will almost always escalate to war. Wars fought not only on the battlefield but also in people's minds. Conservatives and liberals disagreed on the fundamental way to see the world, who they were, who they are now, and who they want to be. And history, or the romantic idea of history, has arguments to support either side at either time. Conservatives had, after all, benefited from the land policies of the

Spanish and the liberals had benefited by the intervention of foreign powers. Extra points for fighting the French. Foreign intervention. Where have we heard that story before? If Mexico's history teaches us anything, above all else, it's that change is sometimes painfully slow, and what changes do happen don't necessarily benefit everyone. And sometimes, if you want that change bad enough, you would overthrow the neighboring city, revolt against the foreign overlords, or take out political opponents, whether you stand to benefit or not. The most challenging question I've had to ask myself when writing this video was: In the Western world, when did we stop thinking of stability as a luxury? Because my intuition says Mexico probably never did. The conquistadors have been subjected to centuries of propaganda, called the Black Legend, and it is important to understand that the propagators were mostly Spain's rivals, the British. But dismissing these conquistadors' actions as a simple exaggeration or myth is equally problematic. I've shared a series called the Butterfly Effect on this channel quite a few times because it really is

just a stunning series with gorgeous animations and production quality. The episode on Hernan Cortez is a great way to understanding the beginning of the colonial era in Mexico. Hernan Cortes is a very controversial figure not only in Mexican history but arguably the world, and it is important for us to understand the less savory periods for intellectual honesty. You can watch this series or any other on Curiosity Stream's thousands of documentaries and titles when you head to curiositystream.com. While Curiosity Stream is a great place for high-budget documentaries, you'll also get free access to Nebula, where creators like myself and many other educational creators built a platform that we control. Nebula is a place for us to make different content, take risks, and be freed from the YouTube algorithm. Support of Nebula supports all its creators. Check out some of these amazing Nebula originals, such as Tom Scott's amazing new show Money with Mike Boyd, Wendover Productions, among others. All this incredible video on Macau, China's

golden child by polymatter. Curiosity Stream supports Nebula and this channel. And by signing up, you not only get access to tons of great content, but you'll also be supporting myself and other ed youtubers. Get started today with Curiosity Stream and Nebula by heading to curiositystream.com/s-u-i-b-h. [Music] This video took a long time to make. Thank you all for your patience. I hope you enjoyed it. I hope everyone is staying safe. I recorded this script probably like two months before you're hearing it, so I'm still stuck in quarantine. I hope everyone is staying indoors, staying safe, and staying healthy. Alright, everyone, until next time. [Music] You

The Animated History of Mexico

"The test will measure whether you are an informed, engaged, and productive citizen of the world, and it will take place in schools and bars and hospitals and dorm rooms and in places of worship. You will be tested on first dates, in job interviews, while watching football, and while scrolling through your Twitter feed. The test will judge your ability to think about things other than celebrity marriages, whether you’ll be easily persuaded by empty political rhetoric, and whether you’ll be able to place your life and your community in a broader context. The test will last your entire life, and it will be comprised of the millions of decisions that, when taken together, will make your life yours. And everything, everything, will be on it." 

-John Green

Suibhne

메소아메리카 문명의 미스터리

올멕과 마야를 비롯한 고대 메소아메리카 문명의 몰락은 베일에 싸여 있으며, 그 몰락에 대한 명확한 설명이 없습니다.

멕시코 남부의 풍부한 자원과 무역로가 이들 문명의 성공에 기여했지만, 결국 붕괴한 이유는 아직 밝혀지지 않았습니다.

고전 마야 시대는 정교한 달력의 발달로 대표되는 번영과 과학적 발전의 시기였지만, 강력한 도시 국가들 간의 경쟁으로 인해 결국 쇠퇴의 길을 걷게 됩니다.

테오티우아칸과 아즈텍 제국의 흥망성쇠

멕시코 계곡의 강력한 도시 테오티우아칸은 무역을 장악하고 중앙 아메리카의 문제에 간섭하여 이 지역을 불안정하게 만들고 티칼과 충돌을 일으켰습니다.

내부 불안으로 인한 테오티우아칸의 미스터리한 붕괴는 이후 고전 마야 문명의 붕괴에도 영향을 미쳤을 가능성이 있습니다.

멕시코의 독특한 신화를 통해 건국된 아즈텍 제국은 트리플 동맹을 통해 빠르게 권력을 장악하고 옛 톨텍 땅을 정복했습니다.

스페인 정복이 중앙 아메리카에 미친 영향

아즈텍인들은 종교적 신념의 일부로 인신 희생을 행했으며, 제국의 몰락은 멕시코 민족 의식이 부상하는 데 기여했습니다.

스페인의 중앙 아메리카 정복은 부의 추구와 기독교의 확산으로 인해 원주민의 황폐화와 문화 및 과학 유산의 파괴로 이어졌습니다.

이 정복은 잔인한 전쟁과 원주민의 노예화, 신대륙을 야만적이고 미개한 곳으로 여기는 관념의 영속화로 이어졌습니다.

스페인 정복이 신대륙에 미친 영향

스페인의 정복은 신대륙에 치명적인 질병을 가져왔고, 일부 지역에서는 사망률이 90%에 달했습니다.

부, 특히 은에 대한 탐욕으로 인해 스페인은 대서양 횡단 노예 무역에 타협하고 참여하게 되었으며, 뉴 스페인에서는 엄격한 카스트 제도를 시행했습니다.

정복은 사회 통제로 이어졌을 뿐만 아니라 기독교 신앙과 원주민 신앙을 혼합하여 멕시코의 정체성을 형성하고 죽은 자의 날을 탄생시켰습니다.

멕시코의 문화와 인구는 스페인과 아메리카 인디언의 영향이 혼합되어 있으며, 국민의 80% 이상이 메스티조로 분류됩니다.

스페인으로부터의 독립을 위한 투쟁은 페닌슐라족, 크리올족, 메스티소족의 경쟁적인 목표에 의해 주도되었고, 결국 세 가지 보장이 타협되는 결과를 낳았습니다.

통합, 독립, 가톨릭의 원칙을 바탕으로 세워진 멕시코 제1제국은 결국 내부 파벌 갈등으로 2년 만에 무너졌습니다.

멕시코의 불안정과 변화의 역사

콜럼버스 이전의 멕시코는 불안정성이 특징이었으며, 독립 이후 멕시코는 자유주의와 보수주의 간의 끊임없는 권력 투쟁이 있었습니다.

텍사스를 잃고 미국과의 참혹한 전쟁으로 국가는 더욱 불안정해졌습니다.

프랑스의 지원을 받은 제2 멕시코 제국의 부상과 이후 프랑스의 개입으로 권력이 크게 바뀌면서 푸에블라 전투와 자유주의자들의 승리로 절정에 달했습니다.

20세기 멕시코의 격동적인 역사

멕시코는 일련의 혁명과 내전을 겪었고, 멕시코 내전으로 150만 명이 목숨을 잃었습니다.

20세기는 대통령이 암살당하고 정부와 종교의 자유를 요구하는 크리스테로스족 사이에 전쟁이 발발하는 등 정치적 불안정으로 점철된 시기였습니다.

스페인 통치자들의 뿌리 깊은 정치적 현상 유지와 보수와 진보의 갈등은 이 기간 동안 멕시코의 어려움에 기여했습니다.

외국의 개입이 멕시코에 미치는 영향

멕시코의 역사는 때로는 도시를 전복하고 외세에 대항하는 반란을 통해 달성된 느리고 종종 불평등한 변화를 반영합니다.

서방 세계와 달리 멕시코는 안정을 사치라고 여기는 관점이 흔들리지 않았을 가능성이 높습니다.

논란이 많은 에르난 코르테스와 멕시코의 식민지 시대는 호기심 스트림의 다큐멘터리 시리즈 "나비 효과"를 통해 이해할 수 있습니다.