Hi, I'm John Green. This is Crash Course World History, and today we're going to talk about the life and astonishing death of Captain James Hook. Who's death by a crocodile ch- what? James Cook? There's no crocodiles? HGGG! Stupid history, always disappointing me. Well, Captain Cook is pretty interesting too, and his death is a nice entree into one of the great historian feuds of recent times. God, I love historian feuds. [theme music] So Captain Cook was born in 1728. He was a sailor and eventually a British Naval Officer, who saw action in the Seven Years War (which you will no doubt remember from last week). But he's best known for his three voyages of exploration and scientific discovery that took place in the Pacific Ocean. The first was between 1768 and 1771, the second between 1772 and 1775, and the third between

1776 and 1780. Although on the last one, Cook's
journey ended in 1779 because he died. And as you can see from the map, Cook pretty much
OWNED the Pacific. He mapped the coast of Australia, paving the
way for British colonization, and also paving the way for the near destruction of aboriginal
peoples and their culture. As with the Columbian Exchange, Cook's voyages to Australia remade
the biological landscape. He introduced sheep, which paved the way for Australia's huge wool
industry. Right, there was a penal colony established in Australia; but the real story
of Australia is its success as a colony. Within 80 years, Australia went from a 1,000 Anglo-Australians
to 1.2 million. Equally important, Cook explored and mapped
out New Zealand. Again paving the way for colonization and paving the way for Crash
Course World History to make an announcement! We did it! We finally talked about Australia
and New Zealand! We're a real world history

class! Huzzah! (party horn) Now all you Australians
have to shut up about how we've never mentioned you! Right, so in his voyage, Cook also determined
that there was no such thing as the mythical continent of Terra Australis, said to have existed
here. And he helped to dispel the idea of a North-West Passage, which Europeans had
been obsessed with for centuries. He was the first European to describe Hawaii and also
the first to keep his ships' crews free of scurvy! Cook and his successors were part of the middle
wave of European colonization, the one that took place after Europeans settled in the
Americas, but before they set their sights on Africa. One more thing to mention about
the context of these voyages, or rather their impact. Besides huge territorial gains and
increased wealth, exploration of the Pacific contributed to Europe's romantic fascination
with science. In the 18th and 19th centuries,

Europeans became obsessed with mapping and charting and classifying the world, which maybe isn't like candle-light dinner romantic, but if you think about visiting never before seen lands and bringing back odd life-forms. Well, I mean think about how we feel about space. And then of course as they colonized people, Europeans portrayed themselves as a civilizing force, bringing both science and religion. Oh, it's time for the Open Letter? An Open Letter to The White Man's Burden. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Ah! It's a moustache, so I can look like Kipling! Dear White Man's Burden, I'mma go ahead and take this off Stan. I think Tumblr has had enough to get their GIFs. So White Man's Burden, you're a poem. And more than a century after Kipling wrote you, scholars still disagree over whether he was kidding. And this speaks to how weird and

Insane Imperialism really was. Europeans seemed
to genuinely believe that it was their unfortunate duty to extract massive wealth from the rest
of the world. Seriously, were you kidding when you called natives Half Devil and Half
Child? Because in retrospect, that seems to describe... ya know... you. Best Wishes,
John Green. Right, so now having discussed the life of
Captain Cook, we shall turn to the most controversial thing he ever did. Die. Let's go to the Thought
Bubble. So Cook landed in Hawaii at Kealakekua Bay
in early 1779 and explored the island. While he was ashore, he was greeted by an important
person, either a Chief or a God. And then in early February, he left. But the ship had
trouble and was forced to return to the bay for repairs. During this second visit, he
had difficulty with the Hawaiians, who'd previously had been pretty hospitable. And there was
a fracas, in which Captain Cook was killed.

by at least one Hawaiian. We know this from
journals kept by various crewman, but the historical controversy arises from the details and
interpretation of his death. Why, in short, was Cook killed? The traditional view is that Cook was killed
for some religious reason, although what isn't always clear. One of the most fleshed out
versions of this story comes from the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, in his book Islands of
History. So in the Hawaiian religious system Ku, the God of War and Human Sacrifice, rules
for eight or nine months out of the year. The other months are reserved for the Fertility
God, Lono. The season long festival for Lono is call Makahiki and during this the Hawaiian
King, who is associated with Ku, is ritually defeated. During the Makahiki, an image of
Lono tours the island, gets worshipped, and collects

taxes. And at the end of the Makahiki period, Lono
is ritually defeated and returned to his native Tahiti. The thinking goes that because Cook arrived
in the middle of the Makahiki, the Hawaiians perceived him as Lono. So Cook took part in
the rituals and sacrifices that were made as part of the Makahiki and in Sahlins' view,
Cook was killed as a ritual murder to mark the end of Makahiki. For Ku to return, the
festival to end, and the normal political order to be restored, ***** Lono had to be
defeated and presumably killed! For Sahlins, Cook's death fits perfectly with the ritual
structure of Hawaiian culture. Thanks Thought Bubble. So the big problem
with this interpretation, which admittedly sounds pretty cool, is that we don't have much evidence
that Hawaiians would have actually seen Cook this way. We find a really interesting opposing view
from Gananath Obeyesekere and I will remind

you that mispronunciation is my thing! Sorry,
Gananath. Anyway, he criticized Sahlins' interpretation of Cook's death for looking a lot more like
European myth than like a Hawaiian ritual. First off, Obeyesekere argues that Cook himself
would not easily be confused with Lono. In fact, if he were taken for a God, it would
probably be Ku, the War God, what with all the cannons and muskets. Also, there's the
fact that the name Cook sounds more like Ku than Lono. Also, arguing that native Hawaiians
would see a European and think him a God has all kinds of troubling implications. One of
them being that native Hawaiians aren't terribly smart. When in fact, we know that they are
very smart because unlike the rest of us, they live in Hawaii. And last but definitely
not least, Lono is associated with fertility and the Hawaiians would have associated the
Europeans with the exact opposite of fertility.

because they introduced gonorrhea to Hawaii. And there's a further problem with the Cook
equals Lono equation, which is that nothing in Hawaiian religion has any of their gods
being ritually killed. Part of their mythology can be seen as sanctioning a ritual killing
of the King, but not of a god, and also it's a long way from ritual killing to actual killing! The truth is probably a lot less spectacular,
which is that Cook was probably killed during a melee in which a bunch of Hawaiians were
also killed. Before his death, Cook had attempted to take a Hawaiian King hostage in response
to Hawaiians taking a bunch of stuff from Cook's boats. This was common practice for
Cook. He had done the same thing in Tahiti and other Polynesian Islands after Islanders
had taken European goods. Which, by the way, happened everywhere Cook went in the Pacific,
so maybe he should have figured out that it was like a thing! That you were allowed to
take stuff off boats in exchange for the right

to hang out there! Great sailor, terrible anthropologist.
Although to be fair, anthropology hadn't be invented. Additionally, right before Cook was killed,
there were rising tensions between the Hawaiians and the Europeans. Even though at first their
relationship had been quite cordial, as evidenced by all that gonorrhea. So why the tension?
Probably because the Europeans dismantled a Hawaiian ritual space, some sources call
it a temple, and used it for firewood. Cook attempted to pay for it, but his low-ball offer of two
hatchets, I'm not making that up, was refused! I'm sorry we destroyed your temple, but I'll
give you two hatchets! One for each hand! I mean, what would you even do with a third
hatchet?!? So unfortunately, the earliest Hawaiian account
offering this explanation for why Cook was killed comes well after the accounts. But
at least it's a Hawaiian explanation. Of course

it's also possible that the Hawaiians were just upset that Cook had attempted to kidnap their King! Most accounts from the time portray a chaotic scene in which Cook himself fired at least two shots, probably killing at least one Islander. And one thing that seem pretty clear, even as described by European chroniclers, is that Cook's death does not look premeditated and it sure doesn't look like a ritual. But even so, the idea that Hawaiians saw Cook as a God has ended up in a good many accounts of his demise. Why? Well one explanation is that it fits in with other stories of explorers. You've all probably heard that Taínos thought Columbus was a god and that the Aztecs supposedly thought Cortés was a god. And this just makes Captain Cook one in a long line of Europeans who were thought to be gods by people who Europeans felt were savages. And making Cook a god also sets up a stark contrast between the enlightened West and primitive Polynesia.

because Captain Cook often appears in history
books as a model man of the Enlightenment. Sure, he never had much formal schooling, but
his voyages were all about increasing knowledge and scientific exploration. And
having him die at the hands of a people who were so obviously mistaken in thinking him
a god makes an argument for the superiority over the intellectualism of the Enlightenment
versus the so-called Primitive Religion of the colonies. But whenever a story seems
to fit really well into such a framework, we need to ask ourselves, Who's telling that
story? One of the reasons we know so much about Captain
Cook and the reason he shows up in so many history textbooks is because we have tons
of records about him, but they're almost all European records. Even the Hawaiian records
we have about Cook have been heavily influenced by later contact with Europeans. So if we
cast Cook's death as part of a native ritual, we're implying that Hawaiians were just performing
a ritual script. Which takes away all their

agency as human beings. Are we making them recognizable, having them respond as we think Europeans would by flying off the handle? I don't have an answer, but the debate between these two historical anthropologists brings up something that we need to keep in mind. Very often in history, we make statements about people who haven't written their own story. Whether it's Hawaiians or Native Americans or working class people. And we try to imagine that we're seeing the world as they have seen it. But the best we can really do is offer an approximation. So is it really possible to present a Hawaiian version of Captain Cook's death? Or is the exercise inherently condescending and paternalistic? And most importantly, is our inability to escape our biases a good excuse for not even trying? As usual, those aren't rhetorical questions. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson.

the show is written by my high school history
teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase
of the Week was fancier hats! If you want to guess at this week's Phrase of the Week
or suggest a future one, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's
video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as
we say in my hometown, Don't Forget To Be Awesome.

The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook: Crash Course World History #27

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