인도 시험관 아기의 어두운 면: 난자 기증 시장에서의 착취와 인신매매

### 인도의 비옥한 지하 세계: 착취와 정의를 위한 투쟁
* 🌍 시험관 아기 및 난자 기증에 대한 전 세계적인 수요 증가로 인도에서는 미성년 소녀들이 착취당하는 사례가 발생하는 등 어두운 면이 드러나고 있습니다.
* 👧 바라나시에서 발생한 미성년자의 불법 계란 회수 사건은 전국적으로 '수백 건의 유사한 사례'가 있을 것으로 추정되는 등 광범위한 문제를 드러내고 있습니다.
* 💔 이 사건은 사회적 경외심에도 불구하고 소녀들을 보호하는 데 체계적으로 실패했음을 드러내며 중개인과 병원이 연루된 '거대한 담합'을 폭로했습니다.
* 💪 35년 전통의 비정부기구인 인도 구리아는 성매매와 착취에 맞서 싸우며 구조 활동을 넘어선 총체적인 해결책의 필요성을 강조합니다.
* 시험관 아기는 부모가 될 수 있다는 희망을 주지만 난소 과자극 증후군과 같은 위험이 있으며 난자 기증은 윤리적 우려를 불러일으킵니다.
* ⚖ ️ 당초 기대를 모았던 바라나시 사건 수사는 의사와 대형 클리닉인 Nova IVF와 같은 중요한 행위자들이 초기 혐의에서 누락되어 수사가 더디게 진행되었습니다.
* 💸 투자자들의 지원으로 급성장한 Nova IVF는 불임 산업에서 규제되지 않은 성장의 위험성을 보여주며 기준이 훼손된 것으로 추정됩니다.
* ⚠ 이 사건은 난자 공급과 위조 문서를 용이하게 하는 더 큰 범죄 네트워크를 강조하며, 난자와 그로부터 태어난 잠재적 아이들의 궁극적인 운명을 알 수 없는 상태로 남겨두고 있어 충격적인 시사점을 던져주고 있습니다.

인도의 규제되지 않은 불임 산업은 취약한 소녀들을 착취하고 있어 더 강력한 법적 보호가 시급하다는 점을 강조합니다.

As more women in the workforce delay having children until later in life, they are increasingly turning to the fertility industry. The market for IVF is growing across the world almost everywhere. Consequently, the egg donation market is growing really quickly too.

Our investigation found that in India, some of the worst cases of harm were surfacing. Cases of children lured into selling their eggs. Egg retrieval for minors is illegal and can be life-threatening.

This case, in some ways, is just the tip of the iceberg. The human egg has become a global commodity. Donor eggs provide hope to some families, but there is a dark side to it. You're talking about one Varanasi case.

I can guarantee there must be hundreds of similar cases happening all over the country. Most people don't talk about it. Most people are simply bought off. What a big collusion! Where do you place women and girls in this country?

You are talking about respecting girls. You can worship girls in the temple, but when it comes to giving them real justice and real action, as a nation we are failing, I would say. It was a very spontaneous beginning. When I was in college, I attended my cousin's wedding.

Generally, women in commercial sex work are good musicians and dancers, so she was performing there, and the way people were treating her was unacceptable to me. So Guria began. Since people were not addressing this whole issue of sex trafficking,

I thought this is what I'm going to do. 'Guria' basically means doll. Children, especially girls, play with dolls and then throw them away. Similarly, I see women in the red-light area being played with and thrown away.

Guria India was one of the pioneers in the fight against sex trafficking and sexual exploitation of women and children in India. We work on rescue operations, education, vocational training in the red-light areas, and legal interventions.

And of course, restoring the children.  In our 35 years, we've worked on one issue, going deeper and deeper with a very holistic vision. People say, "Oh, you're doing a great job," but there are hardly any people who want to walk even a few steps along with you. I'm glad I found Gopal because he's a crazy man, and I only want crazy people.

Traditionally in India, it's always been the man's job to earn the money, so he makes the decisions. And it's the woman's job to make babies, and that's still true in many parts of India. If a woman cannot have a baby, that's a huge social stigma. IVF is in vitro fertilization.

A fancy word; "in vitro" means 'glass,' and "fertilization" means what's not happening in the fallopian tubes, in the bedroom—we're doing it in our test tubes. A lot of clinics will do what is called egg donation.

A lot of clinics will do what is called egg donation.

You're using someone else's eggs. That's what it means. The woman starts to produce about 40 follicles every cycle, of which one becomes mature. When we do IVF, we give a hormonal injection so that, instead of the follicles dying,

we save those which would otherwise have died. Because the more follicles, the more eggs you can get. And the more eggs, the better the chance of getting embryos and therefore achieving a pregnancy. Once the follicles are mature, which we can track

by doing ultrasound scans and blood tests for estrogen levels, we take her into the theater and then we stick a needle through the vagina into each of these follicles. We extract the follicular fluid, and the embryologist then checks it under a microscope

where he identifies the egg. If you're young, the chances of you then producing lots of eggs increases considerably. The risk with producing lots of follicles with superovulation is what is called ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. But with severe hyperstimulation,

then a lot of these patients will end up in the intensive care unit. Because the ovaries become large, they collect a lot of fluid, and they have breathing problems. So it can be really challenging. It's every IVF doctor's nightmare, quite frankly.

I first learned about the Varanasi case from a very short article in the local newspapers. It barely caused any media interest at the time, but I immediately thought, "Oh my gosh, how often does this happen?"

So you have IVF, but not all IVF requires a donor egg. It's in situations where you can't use the IVF patient's own eggs. So maybe the woman is infertile, or in the case of gay couples, for example.

IVF cycles requiring donor eggs are still a small slice of the overall IVF market, but it's a segment that's growing very, very fast. It's also growing in a mostly unregulated, unmonitored space.

There are tens of thousands of egg retrievals happening every year in India. This is the one that's come out of the shadows. So that made it really important. The case was triggered on October 17th, 2023, when the

girl's mother went to the police station to file a complaint. Within three days, a group of inspectors from the police and from the state's chief medical officer visited the clinic and conducted an inspection, where they took the girl's case file.

A day after that, the chief medical officer issued a report that was really quite stunning. It outlined a whole bunch of irregularities that they had found. For example, the girl had signed all of these affidavits and consent forms in English, but she only spoke Hindi.

They said clearly she was using a fake ID; she didn't appear to be 23 years old, the minimum age for donation. And that two doctors had examined the girl. About a week after that, police drew up what's called an FIR, a first information report.

report, which is an important document. It essentially gets the wheels of justice turning. At that point, the police were compelled to investigate the incident. Within a couple of weeks of that, in mid-November, they arrested four people. So at the beginning, it really looked like the investigation

was progressing pretty quickly, but then something sort of changed when the charge sheet came out on January 20th. It named five people. The five included Seema, and the charge sheet and other records claimed she was the woman who was known

to the girl, had sort of been there with her every step of the way, taking her to the clinic, helping her make a fake ID. And then she was there on the day of the girl's retrieval. She told the girl, 'Wear a sari; it'll make you look older,'

put a wedding necklace around her neck and a bindi on her forehead to make her look like a married woman. The charge sheet and other records also claimed Seema had worked with another woman named Anita, another agent. Anita was sort of responsible for the backend.

She was sort of like at the top of the pyramid. She understood how to get fake IDs and affidavits made. It said she worked with two other men, and another one of the suspects was Seema's husband, who had signed off pretending

to be the girl's husband on the forms for the clinic. Only those five initial suspects were named. There was no mention of the doctors. There was no mention of the clinic. And so that really gets you thinking about an industry player

behind this that let it happen, and there was no mention of them. We tried counseling the family; they were too intimidated, actually. They're in trauma because of what happened. Okay, so there are so many things

that they're not ready to believe in anybody. They're threatened. The family's in turmoil. You have to help them pluck up courage to fight back. There was a whole infrastructure behind this incident, middlemen who are helping these types of things to happen.

So you have an egg bank and then you have this diagnostic center. They had done a physical examination of the girl and didn't spot the fact that this teenager was maybe not 24 years old, as she claimed. The clinic that conducted this retrieval was Nova IVF.

It's a big chain, by some counts the second biggest in the country, backed by some of America's most powerful financiers. Its rise happened in the early 2010s. That was a period when India's IVF sector was

completely unregulated. Clinics were mushrooming everywhere. Early on, Nova was doing really well. It had a great reputation for quality services. Its success rates were going up. There was a real clinical rigor to it. But then, increasingly, the investors were pushing

for faster growth. So that's where we see, you know, the company sort of change hands through a series of investors. As the management shifted, this pressure to grow grew faster, and former employees tell us that standards began to fall.

Sex trafficking has been all about the criminal nexus. A similar criminal nexus is functioning here as well, as I see. The police investigation has come across this Nova hospital, the doctors, you know, so many people. Why the hell hasn't

the police arrested the doctor? Why is the hospital still not seized? They're nowhere in the scene. Then who has done it? When police began investigating the case, they began looking through WhatsApp messages and electronic payment records, claiming

that this group had been sourcing donors for clinics across the city. Claiming that this group had been forging paperwork for possibly hundreds of egg donors. Records claimed that one of the other clinics they were sourcing for was one of the biggest IVF chains in the world.

What happened to this girl was part of a much larger operation. We still have no indication that the police are investigating these other people or plan to charge any more. We don't know where the girls' eggs ended up. And there's a possibility by this point that a child

or multiple children may have been born from those eggs. Does that family know that the eggs were sourced from a minor? Probably not. If you were to find out at some point that you were born of an egg that was taken from a minor,

how would that make you feel? These are some of the really haunting implications of this case. So if you notice the fibroids are in various different places, and therefore we need to figure out where your fibroid is, and some fibroids... You know, there used to be a time when I was proud about

Being an IVF doctor used to bring me joy because I helped so many people.  I'm not proud anymore because so much of this mud and dirt sticks to other clinics. For years, IVF clinics operated in a regulatory vacuum.

Unfortunately, there was so much abuse of the IVF system, especially in the form of egg donations, where many poor women were exploited. Honestly, I think things are only going to get worse. We think it's happening somewhere else...

It's happening in that country. It's happening in that society. It's happening in that family. No, it will happen to your family too. It will happen to you as well. If things continue this way, I don't think we'll get a conviction, but we will try until the end. We're known for that. We don't give up.

Irretrievable: Inside India’s Fertility Underworld | Bloomberg Investigates

Bloomberg Originals offers bold takes for curious minds on today’s biggest topics. Hosted by experts covering stories you haven’t seen and viewpoints you haven’t heard, you’ll discover cinematic, data-led shows that investigate the intersection of business and culture. Exploring every angle of climate change, technology, finance, sports and beyond, Bloomberg Originals is business as you’ve never seen it.


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성장하는 글로벌 불임 산업과 인도의 어두운 면

직장 여성들의 출산 지연으로 인한 시험관 아기 및 난자 기증 수요 증가.

미성년자 난자 판매를 포함한 인도의 불임 산업에서 심각한 피해가 발견되었습니다.

바라나시 사건은 전 세계적인 인간 난자 상품화에서 빙산의 일각에 불과합니다.

착취당하는 여성과 소녀들을 위한 광범위한 부패와 정의의 부재.

인도의 성매매 및 착취와의 싸움

성매매 퇴치 단체인 구리아의 기원과 활동에 대해 알아보세요.

구리아는 구조, 교육, 훈련, 법적 개입에 대한 총체적인 접근 방식을 취합니다.

구리아가 착취에 맞서 싸우는 과정에서 직면한 어려움은 지원 부족이었습니다.

인도의 전통적인 성 역할과 시험관 아기 시장

전통적인 성 역할은 여성의 생식 선택과 불임에 대한 사회적 낙인에 영향을 미칩니다.

시험관 아기 및 난자 기증 절차에 대한 설명.

난소 과자극 증후군을 포함한 난자 채취와 관련된 위험.

사건의 최초 발견과 제한된 언론의 관심.

다양한 상황에서의 시험관 아기 및 기증자 난자의 맥락.

인도에서 규제되지 않은 난자 기증 시장이 빠르게 성장하고 있습니다.

초기 조치 및 발견된 비리를 포함한 경찰 수사 타임라인.

주요 관련자를 제외한 청구서 및 관련자 세부 정보.

협박과 트라우마로 인해 피해자 가족을 상담하는 데 어려움이 있습니다.

노바 IVF와 인도 불임 산업의 시스템적 문제

관련 클리닉으로 Nova IVF를 식별하고 그 배경을 설명합니다.

Nova IVF의 성장과 투자자의 압력이 표준에 미치는 영향.

주요 관련자에 대한 체포 및 조사가 이루어지지 않은 것에 대한 질문입니다.

여러 클리닉에 대한 기증자 확보 등 경찰 조사 결과.

이 사건은 난자와 그 난자에서 태어날 잠재적 아이의 운명을 포함하여 더 광범위한 의미를 담고 있습니다.

시험관 아기 산업의 현황과 미래에 대한 고찰

시험관 아기 시술 의사의 윤리적 의미와 업계의 미래에 대한 개인적인 성찰.

시험관 아기 제도의 광범위한 남용과 향후 악용 가능성에 대한 우려.

문제의 만연한 특성과 모든 사람에게 미칠 수 있는 잠재적 영향.

어려움 속에서도 정의와 책임을 위한 싸움을 계속하겠다는 결심.