Hello, this is the team leader. Following our previous discussion on issues in the field of business and economics, today we will be covering current affairs in the field of culture and media. Starting with the change where Twitter turned into a subscription-based service last July, various changes have occurred in the field of culture and media. Therefore, not only students majoring in related fields but also students in general should gain information on today's issues. Let's begin. The first topic to be discussed in the field of culture and media is the separate collection of TV license fees. Up until now, a negotiation has been made to pay a TV license fee of 2500 won per month as part of the electricity bill. This is due to the nature of public broadcasting. Unlike private broadcasting, which raises profits through advertising, public broadcasting minimizes the influence of the state or capital to provide fair and impartial services for the people.

There is an intention to create autonomous broadcasting, so it can be said that the income source is the people for the public broadcasting fee. However, starting from July 2023, instead of paying the regular electricity bill of the Korea Electric Power Corporation together with the TV reception fee as before, it will be possible to pay them separately. Concerns have been raised in the public broadcasting sector that the reduction in reception fees could damage the public interest. Even if the TV reception fee is collected separately, according to Article 64 of the Broadcasting Act, all households with TVs must pay the fee. However, while electricity bills collected by the Korea Electric Power Corporation lead to disconnection if unpaid for more than three months, there is no enforcement of payment for TV reception fees. Consequently, households who do not watch public broadcasting much may refuse to pay the fee, leading to an increase in such households. As the number of households without TVs increases recently, there are also people who do not need to pay the TV reception fee.

As the number of TV license fees decreases due to many people refusing to pay for various reasons, even though they have TVs, it is inevitable that the TV license fees will decrease. From the public broadcasting perspective, if that happens, the resources to create content aimed at publicness will decrease. With the limited resources, they will have to invest in collecting new fees, which raises concerns about the decline in content quality. On the other hand, the public does not perceive the difference between public broadcasters like KBS and private broadcasters very keenly. Recently, KBS has been facing management issues, so people are not sympathizing so much with the crisis facing KBS due to the separation of TV license fees. Possible expected questions related to the separation of TV license fees are: first, what is the difference between public broadcasting and private broadcasting? Second, what kind of programs do you think can be pursued for the people by public broadcasting?

The third is how the separate TV license certificate will affect public broadcasting. The fourth includes how each broadcasting company can cope with the decrease in the population watching TV. The second topic is illegal streaming sites including Nun-eutv. Nun-eutv was created in June 2021 and was shut down in April 2023, an illegal online streaming site where users who do not want to pay for OTT services watch videos through Nun-eutv, bypassing the subscription. It is estimated that the monthly number of users is around 10 million. Since October 2021, the Broadcasting and Communications Commission has consistently tracked down Nun-eutv, but it was difficult to crack down on it as the site was managed with servers overseas and changed domains. As an illegal site, they attached illegal gambling advertisements to profit from it. According to the announcement of the Video Copyright Protection Association,

Due to streaming sites, domestic OTT companies, and other media industries have suffered damages amounting to about 49 trillion won. In fact, the issue of illegal downloads and views of music or dramas has been serious even before. However, recently, especially by subscribing to a particular OTT service, it does not mean you can watch all famous works. For example, Doglee can only be seen on Netflix, and Moving is exclusively shown on Disney Plus. As a result, works available on each OTT service are divided, making it burdensome to subscribe to multiple services just for specific works. Therefore, people may seek ways to watch specific works for free, leading to the proliferation of illegal sites. It seems that Nunutv is becoming increasingly famous through the dark path known only to a few, and due to news coverage, even people who were unaware of Nunutv are inadvertently being promoted.

It has also been proven that the act of trying to hide or delete certain information actually attracts people's attention, leading to the phenomenon where more information spreads, called the Streisand Effect. It would be good to keep this in mind. Ultimately, Nuneut TV ended up facing investigations from the police, the National Assembly, OTT companies, and broadcasters, and the burden of traffic issues, ultimately leading to its closure. However, discussions are being held on how to fundamentally eradicate the issue of illegal streaming services, wondering if a second or third Nuneut TV will emerge. Possible expected questions related to illegal streaming sites include: first, what were the reasons Nuneut TV was able to thrive at that time, and what insights can the media industry gain from this? Second, what are the potential problems that may arise as OTT services increase globally? Third,

Possible measures to prevent the illegal distribution of media content, ways to enhance public awareness of copyrights, and the conversion of Twitter to X were mentioned earlier in the content. Elon Musk acquired Twitter in October 2022 and then rebranded it to X in July of the same year. Considering that Elon Musk founded the aerospace company SpaceX and previously established the financial services company X.com, it can be speculated that Elon Musk has a strong affection for the brand X. Ultimately, Elon Musk aims to create a super app like KakaoTalk in Korea or WeChat in China, where multiple functions can be performed within a single application.

It seems to be in the making, and various features of video and text content where Elon Musk has started rebranding Twitter to x are being added. However, the criteria that are treated almost like proper nouns are not being parallel with the brand Twitter but rather completely dismantling it. Mentioning freedom of expression, eliminating blocking functions, gradually increasing paid services, these policies may cause users to significantly move away, and opinions are divided on whether the new SNS x can succeed. By the way, Meta, the owner of Facebook and Instagram, took advantage of the Twitter server problem in July 2023 to launch a new SNS called Thread, achieving 100 million users in a shorter time than expected. However, as of August 2023, the number of Thread users has significantly decreased. Possible questions related to Twitter and amounts could be asked as follows: firstly, super

First, what is an app, and what are the pros and cons of Super Ivy? Second, what do you think about the prospects of the SNS X that Elon Musk transitioned to on Twitter? Third, as existing Twitter users are leaving due to the transition to X, what do you think is the most promising alternative SNS as a replacement for Twitter? Fourth, the European Union is considering monetizing big tech SNS. In the European Union, on September 6th, they confirmed Alphabet, Apple, Microsoft, Meta, Amazon, and ByteDance as the companies subject to the Digital Markets Act (DMA) regulation. The Digital Markets Act is a bill for regulating big tech platform companies. The companies subject to this bill, known as gatekeepers, must first obtain consent if they want to use user information obtained through their services on other platforms.

The measure to only use software is prohibited. You have probably experienced situations where related advertisements appear when searching for specific information. Social media platforms typically allow users' information to be used for advertising to increase revenue. Many are concerned about how much personal information is collected and utilized due to such personalized advertisements. However, with the anticipated drastic decrease in advertising revenue due to the second-place regulation, Meta is considering launching an SNS where ads do not appear but users can use the application for a fee. Many are worried about whether even SN will become paid services in the future, as concerns about the revenue structure of SNS that provide free services but generate revenue through advertising using personal information, as well as concerns about personal information infringement and various regulations, overlap. The European Union is considering regulations on big tech and the possibility of SNS becoming paid services.

As for expected questions, the first one could be whether you think the trend of using social media as a paid service will settle in the future. The second question might be how much you know about the European Union's Digital Market Act. The third question could be which value you think should be emphasized more between regulations on personal information infringement and innovation-oriented approaches. So, we will end today's discussion on cultural and media issues here. I hope today's content will be helpful for those preparing for interviews in 2024. Thank you.

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