Welcome to this series of videos where we will review some changes that children between 3 and 6 years old experience. Before we continue, it is important to bear in mind that human development is not linear and is the result of multiple causes. Therefore, for this video, we will divide the changes by areas of development, which will allow us to delimit these changes in specific areas. For example, children between 3 and 6 years old experience changes in their physical, sensory, psychomotor development, language, cognitive changes, and changes in their social, sexual, emotional development, and autonomy. Let's explain a little about each of these changes.

In the case of physical development, changes occur in weight and height, and there are also changes at the brain level, such as thinking and reasoning. On the other hand, there is the maturation of sensory channels, meaning all the sensations and perceptions they receive from the environment through their senses. Let's focus a bit on this topic to tell you that the senses are divided into heteroceptive senses, which include sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell; vestibular senses related to balance and spatial location; proprioceptive senses related to the position and movement of the body through muscles, joints, and ligaments; and lastly, interoceptive senses, whose information is generated by internal organs, for example, stomach ache, thirst, or fever.

Now, getting back to the changes that children between 3 and 

Body movement allows us to express ourselves. In other words, children of these ages mature their musculoskeletal system and the nervous system; therefore, it is necessary for them to exercise. We also have language development because there are changes in acquired language and communicative capacity. Language development can be divided into two phases: pre-linguistic and linguistic. In the first phase, there is communication but not language, while in the second phase, a meaning associated with a signifier is mentally elaborated. This means thinking about objects that are not present just by naming them. It is important to mention that when talking to children, we should use language correctly and avoid using adult-centric or infantilized language. For example, we should not tell the child they have little arms or say bum bum instead of car. 

Cognitive development, on the other hand, is the development of knowledge and mental processes through the senses, experience, and thought. The brain changes experienced by these children are reflected in intelligence related to learning, logic, planning, reasoning, and problem-solving. Memory, responsible for storing, retaining, and retrieving information, can be autobiographical, semantic, procedural, or topographic based on its content. Attention and concentration, which are a state of heightened awareness to relevant stimuli, are crucial. Concentration and distraction are levels of attention. It is important to note that cognitive development can be influenced by nutritional deficits.

Lack of stimulation or violent contexts that limit this development should also be considered. It is important to note that the level of functionality of each individual varies. Therefore, it is important to understand the difference between chronological age and mental age. The chronological age refers to the time that has passed since birth, while the mental age is the cognitive functioning level of a person in relation to what is expected for their age. Knowing the mental age allows us to identify delays or advancements in development. 

Regarding social development, we can say that it is the degree of socialization that an individual achieves throughout the different stages of the life cycle. Socialization is related to three processes: learning social contents such as customs, meanings, and values; adaptive individualization, which means being oneself; and social integration, or being part of a group. While the process of socialization never stops throughout our lives, in the early years, we can divide it into primary socialization and secondary socialization. Primary socialization is the child's incorporation into society, with the family being the first instance of socialization. Secondary socialization begins when the assimilation of cultural contents starts, with school being the primary space for socialization.

Now, let's discuss the changes in sexual development. These changes are related to sexual behavior and its physical, emotional, social, and cognitive components. Around the ages of 4 and 5, children begin to engage in infantile sexual self-exploration, which involves pleasurable self-stimulation

New generations are affected by several factors. One of them is hypersexualization and early sexualization. Hypersexualization involves exaggerating the sexual dimension, particularly in women, while minimizing other aspects of their being. Early sexualization magnifies sexual development in childhood, promoting adult sexual characteristics in this population. Autonomy is another factor to consider. It refers to self-regulation aimed at achieving personal goals, values, or experiences. Around the age of two, the struggle for autonomy begins, marked by the first signs of opposition as a way to assert that they can make their own decisions, such as tantrums and changes in temperament. Lastly, concerning emotional development, it is the process through which basic emotions adapt to social demands. Basic emotions include anger, fear, sadness, aversion, surprise, and happiness. It is worth mentioning that all emotions serve as an adaptive response for human survival. For instance, fear keeps us alert to potential dangers. Emotions consist of four components: affective, cognitive, expressive, and motivational. During the first months of life, an infant's emotional response is known as infantile egocentrism, later developing into empathy, which involves being aware of others' emotional states. We have now concluded this topic; in the next video, we will discuss different theories explaining human development.

Cambios que experimentan los niños de 3 a 6 años

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