In this video, we're going to focus on the functional groups. So, this is the first functional group we need to be familiar with, and this is an alkane. An alkane is a hydrocarbon that only contains single carbon-hydrogen bonds. It doesn't have any double bonds or triple bonds, just all single bonds. This particular alkane is known as pentane because it has five carbons - one, two, three, four, five. Remember, methane has one carbon, so this is methane. Ethane has two carbons, propane has three, butane has four, pentane has five, hexane has six, heptane has seven carbons, octane has eight, nonane has nine, and decane has ten. Now, what functional group is represented by this molecule? So, this particular molecule is known as an alkene. That's the functional group. So, anytime you see a carbon-carbon double bond, it has an alkene functional group. Now, this particular alkene has four carbons, and the double bond is between carbons two and three, so you pick the smaller of the two.

numbers and so you call it two butane. Now, what about this example? What if we have a carbon-carbon triple bond? In this case, this is known as an alkyne. So, that's the functional group, and the particular name for this molecule is 2-butyne. It has the suffix -yne. Now, if you want to draw the line structure for that molecule, it looks like this. So, there are four carbons. This is carbon one, two, three, and four. Now, what functional group is represented by these molecules? These are known as cycloalkanes. It's an alkane because it only has single bonds, and it's cyclic. It forms a ring-like or circular structure. Now, the first one is known as cyclopentane because, as you can see, there's five carbons, and the second one has six carbons, so it's called cyclohexane. Now, what about this one? Let's say if we have a cyclic structure with alternating double bonds. What functional group do we have here? This is known as an aromatic ring.

now this particular aromatic ring has a special name called benzene, and so you'll see this a lot in a typical organic chemistry course. Now what about this one? What if you see a halogen attach to a hydrocarbon? What's the name for it? So the functional group for this molecule is known as an alkyl halide. Now you can also call it a haloalkane, that's another way to describe it. And so it has the functional group RX, where R is the hydrocarbon chain and X is the halogen. It could be chlorine, X could be bromine as we saw in this example, it could be fluorine or iodine. So that's an alkyl halide. So next up we have an ether. An ether is basically an oxygen attached to two R groups. The R groups can be methyl groups, ethyl groups, and so forth. So we have two methyl groups attached to this ether, so it's called dimethyl ether. Ethers are polar due to the oxygen, and as long as you don't have too many

hydrocarbons attached to it. If the hydrocarbon chain is not so big, it's going to be a relatively polar molecule. Now, what about this one? What type of functional group do we have here? So, if you see an O H group attached to an R group, this is known as an alcohol. So, for this example, we have four carbons, and the O H group is on carbon one, so this is called 1-butanol. For the second example, the O H group is on carbon two, so that's going to be called 2-butanol. So, if you see an OH group attached to a hydrocarbon chain, it's an alcohol. So, what about this molecule? What type of functional group does it represent? And let's compare it to this one. So, the first one has the generic formula R CO and then some other R group. If you see that, this is a ketone. The oxygen looks like this. Now, this particular ketone has five carbon atoms, and this is known as a carbonyl group. Let me say that carefully. So, that ketone is called two.

pentanone. On the bottom, we have an aldehyde. And if you see this R C CHO, that's the functional group for an aldehyde. And this is for ketone. So this particular aldehyde has a total of six carbon atoms. And the aldehyde functional group will always be at the end. So you don't need to attach a number to it. So this is simply hexanal. So instead of a ol, you can see it has the suffix al. So that's an aldehyde. So make sure you could distinguish an aldehyde from a ketone. An aldehyde has the carbonyl functional group at the end of the chain. A ketone has the carbonyl group somewhere in the middle of the chain. And that distinguishes the two. Now, for those of you who might be studying for the organic chemistry final exam, I have a video that can help you. And it's on my patreon page. If you go to patreon.com/mathsciencetutor, you can access that page. If you scroll down, there's a lot of other videos I have.

here too, but let's say if you're taking the first semester of organic chemistry. I have a six-hour video that can help you with that. If you decide to become a patron now on YouTube, I have a free two-hour trailer version of this video. But if you want the entire six-hour video, you can access it here or on Vimeo as well. And for those of you who are taking the second semester of organic chemistry, I have an eight-hour video that you can access as well. And there's some other stuff here that you could find too. If you're taking gen chem or physics, I have stuff on that as well. So that's it just in case you're interested. So what about this one R C O O H? What functional group do you think this represents? So this is known as a carboxylic acid. So that's another functional group you need to be familiar with. And in this example, we have a total of six carbons. And so this is going to be called hexanoic acid. So the suffix for carboxylic acid is oak.

now what about this one? What functional group is represented by this molecule? So if you see R-C-O-O-R, what functional group do we have here? So this is represented by something called an ester. Now to name it, this portion here, this is the ethanol part that includes the carbon with the two oxygens. And so it's ethanoate because there's two carbons here, and the right side has a methyl group. So when you name it, you need to put it needs to name this one first. So it's methyl ethanoate. And so that's how you can name an ester. So the O8 part comes last. Now the next functional group we need to go over is an amine. And so the amine has an NH2 group at the end. It has hydrogen bonding like an alcohol or a carboxylic acid. And let me give you some examples. So this is known as methylamine. That's the common name for it. And here, what do you think this is called? What's the common name for

ch3 ch2 nh2. So we have an ethyl group attached to an amine functional group. So you can call this ethyl amine, and so the common names are very straightforward. Now what if there's a carbonyl group attached to an nh2 group? What is the functional group called? So you can write this as r co nh2. If you see that it's the same as what you see above, so this is known as an amide or in a bind. Now this particular group, well let's use an example to name it. How can we name this molecule? So we have a total of four carbon atoms. And so to name it, this is going to be butanamide. So instead of saying butane, take off the e and add amide at the end. The next one is a nitrile. So if you see a triple bond between a carbon and a nitrogen atom, you have a nitrile functional group. Here's a good example of one ch3c triple bond n. So we have a total of two carbon atoms.

and so this is going to be called ethane nitrile. So, here's the next functional group. What functional group do we have here? If you see this, this is known as an acid anhydride. The common name for this molecule is known as acetic anhydride. When you see the word acetic, it's similar to ethyl. It has two carbons. Next up is an acid chloride. This is also known as acetyl chloride. Now, you can have a different halogen attached to it. For instance, we could have a bromine atom attached to it. And so, this would be called an acid bromide instead or acetyl bromide. Now, what about this example? Let's say if we have an SH group. And how is it similar to an OH group? Now we know if we have an OH group, it's an alcohol. But what if we have an SH group? And this is called a thiol. Now, what do you think these are? Anytime you hear or if you see a sulfur

attached. To let's say a hydrocarbon, the word thio will be present. So here's some other examples. On the right, this is known as an ether. So what do you think the functional group on the left is going to be called? This is known as a thioether. Now on the right at the bottom, this is called an ester. On the left, this is known as a thioester. So see the similarities: alcohol, thiol, ether, thioether, and here we have ester, and then thioester. So if you see an oxygen being replaced with a sulfur atom, add the prefix thio to it. The name is going to have some sort of thio on it. So what about this functional group? So what if we have an alcohol and an alkene next to each other? So this is going to be called an enol. Think of the word en for alkene and ol for alcohol. So if you see those two together, this is called an enol. So here's another one. Let's say it is a nitrogen with two r

groups, and it's next to a double bond. So, a carbon with a nitrogen that's an amine, and a double bond is an alkene. So, if we combine these two, we get something called an enamine, or enamine. And so, that's the functional group that corresponds to this molecule. Now, if you see a carbon double bonded to a nitrogen atom, this is known as an imine. Now, there's a few more examples I want to go over. What do you think this is called? Have you ever seen this molecule before? In other words, H2O2. H2O2 is hydrogen peroxide. What we have here is an organic peroxide. So, if you see two oxygens attached to each other, it's a peroxide. If they're attached to each other through a single bond, now what do you think this is called? And let me compare it to this molecule. So, this molecule here, you know is a carboxylic acid, and here we have a peroxide. So, what do you think this entire molecule is called?

this is known as a peroxy acid. Very similar to a carboxylic acid with a peroxide functional group. So when you combine it, you get a peroxy acid. And we're going to go over one more group. You might see this, but you may not. Or you may see an orgo too. This is known as a nitro group. You might not see this norgo one, but it's definitely in organic chem 2. So I'm going to stop here. There's some other functional groups to note, but these are some very common ones. Actually, there are some other ones you need to know. I wouldn't really consider them functional groups, but you need to know the names of it. So this is called a carbocation. And if you have, let's say, an odd number of electrons, this is known as a radical. And this is a carbanion. And this species is neutral. But if you see it, it's called a carbine. So I'm going to stop here. So that's it for this video. Thanks for

Functional Groups

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Functional Groups

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