Ten years ago, scientists discovered another artwork hidden within one of Pablo Picasso's early works, The Blue Room. Analysis using a camera revealed an unexpected portrait of a man beneath the layers of paint covering the canvas. This unknown portrait raises questions about who the subject is, why Picasso painted such a picture, and why he chose to cover it with a new painting. Viewing the world through the lens of the enemy allows us to encounter new secrets we were previously unaware of, and the same applies to the universe. The James Webb Space Telescope, which observes the universe, is uncovering new cosmic secrets that were unimaginable during the Hubble era. In particular, there has been a recent discovery that has left astronomers perplexed: a series of unknown small red spots appearing at the edge of the universe.

In the images captured by the James Webb Space Telescope, various observations reveal bright stars and galaxies against a dark background of the universe, where distinct red dots are clearly visible. There are so many of them. What's even more puzzling is that these small red dots are not easily visible in the nearby universe. They can only be seen when observing much more distant parts of the universe. Astronomers still do not know the exact nature of these red dots or why they seem to be disappearing in the current universe. What could these red dots be? This article introduces the story behind the red dots in the photos from James Webb that have recently baffled astronomers. Naturally, astronomers initially thought that such red dots might be hidden throughout the universe.

I never thought it would be like this. From the beginning, I wasn't observing with the purpose of finding these red spots. Instead, I was conducting observations to prove the reionization period of the early universe, when young stars and galaxies had just formed after the Big Bang, illuminating the universe brightly. However, we discovered an overwhelming number of red spots in the images. There are two main possibilities to consider regarding why these celestial bodies appear red in the particularly low wavelengths. First, it is possible that they are so far away that they have experienced extreme redshift due to the expansion of the universe. If that is the case, these would be primordial galaxies that existed in the universe just 600 to 700 million years after the Big Bang. However, the red coloration of the light from galaxies is not solely due to cosmic expansion. If a galaxy is extremely...

If a galaxy contains a lot of dust, it can appear redder. The dust absorbs most of the light emitted from the galaxy and re-emits it at longer infrared wavelengths. This process can tint the galaxy's light towards the red end of the spectrum. Dust is particularly troublesome for astronomers when trying to determine the exact spectrum of a galaxy. Depending on how much dust a galaxy contains, our estimates of its total mass, based on its brightness and the amount of light, can vary significantly. Astronomers are conducting two major projects to observe the universe through ionization clocks: one called J and the other Presco. Through these two observations, they have so far surveyed a very narrow region of the sky. Let's compare how narrow this area is by stretching out our arms and looking at our thumb nail.

So far, the entire area observed for re-observation is merely a very narrow part of the sky, equivalent to one-twentieth of a thumbnail. To borrow the words of the astronomers conducting this project, they have only just scratched the surface of the edge of the universe with their thumbnail. The red spots are astonishing for another reason: their estimated sizes are extremely small. Based on the sizes of the red spots captured in the images of re-observation, we can infer that their dimensions barely exceed 500 light-years. In fact, some are much smaller, at around 100 light-years. They are so small that they cannot even be considered galaxies. For example, our own Milky Way has a diameter of about 100,000 light-years. However, these red spots are almost 100 to 1,000 times smaller than an ordinary galaxy. There are truly tens of millions to hundreds of millions of them.

Can we call this a normal galaxy where stars gather together? It is estimated that a baby version of a supermassive black hole, which has just begun to grow, resides in the small red spot at the center. One piece of evidence for this is the very fast motion of hydrogen atom emission lines observed in the spectrum of the red spot. The presence of a black hole at the center of the galaxy can be confirmed through the movement of gas clouds that are rapidly moving while being held by its strong gravity. The gas clouds containing hydrogen atoms emit light at specific wavelengths, and their traces remain in the form of thin, sharp emission lines throughout the galaxy's spectrum. However, if the gas clouds are trapped by the gravity of the central black hole and are rotating at very high speeds, they will experience the Doppler effect, causing the wavelengths of the emission lines to shift either shorter or longer. When moving at a faster speed,

The degree of deviation in both directions of the wavelength becomes greater, and the shape of the emission lines becomes broader and more diffuse. These characteristics are very common features found in most active galaxies that harbor a massive and violent black hole at their center. If we can measure the speed of the gas moving at the center of the galaxy, we can determine the mass scale of the supermassive black hole that is growing there. The red spots that have been confirmed indicate that these are indeed galaxies with black holes growing at their centers, and they must contain extremely heavy black holes with masses ranging from millions to billions of solar masses. However, this is also quite astonishing; these red spots represent very young galaxies that existed when the universe was less than a billion years old. At this point, that is only about 5% of the current age of the universe, which is extremely young.

이런 초기 우주에서 은하와 블랙홀은 이제 막 성장을 시작한 어린 시절이었을 겁니다. 그러나 놀랍게도 제임스 웹 우주 망원경은 우주 초기 이미 태양 질량의 수억 배까지 성장한 블랙홀이 존재했다는 증거를 보여주고 있습니다. 비유하자면, 유치원에 갔는데 키가 2m인 덩치 큰 아이들이 있는 상황이라고 할 수 있습니다. 더 신기한 것은 이 은하들의 중심 블랙홀과 은하 전체 질량의 비율을 비교할 수 있다는 점입니다. 일반적인 규모의 은하들은 그 중심부의 별 질량에 비해 블랙홀의 질량이 차지하는 비중이 굉장히 적습니다. 은하 전체 중심부의 질량에 비해 블랙홀의 질량은 1000분의 1밖에 안 됩니다.

Almost all galaxies follow this proportional relationship consistently. If the overall scale of a galaxy becomes twice as heavy, the mass of the black hole at its center also doubles. Naturally, I thought that these red spots, which are being discovered in Australia, would also be on the same proportional relationship. However, that was not the case at all. The central black holes of these red spot galaxies are excessively heavy compared to the overall size of the galaxy. If we assume they are indeed galaxies, the mass of the black holes within them accounts for 30 to 40% of the estimated total mass of the red spot galaxies. This is a truly astonishing mass ratio that is difficult to understand. For example, let's think of galaxies as steamed buns filled with black holes. In typical ordinary galaxies around us, the mass of the black hole inside is only a fraction of the total mass.

There is a very small amount of red bean paste in it. Even if you eat a steamed bun, you probably won't notice if there is red bean paste inside. However, according to the James app, these buns with red spots contain a very large proportion of red bean paste, accounting for almost 30% to 40%. You can taste the rich flavor of red bean paste that you would never expect in space. This excessively sweet taste is making astronomers feel nauseous. If this is true, we can assume that there was a rapid growth process of black holes in the early universe, which cannot be compared to the current situation. However, there is a problem with this hypothesis. Rapidly growing black holes at the center of galaxies emit powerful high-energy light, such as gamma rays, far out into space. In fact, astronomers have confirmed that there are suspicions of storm growth in certain cases.

I analyzed the red spots again in the context of inverted cultures. To confirm that a very strong line is emitted from here, I compared the results of previous observations from the Chandra X-ray Observatory. No lines were detected at all. The black hole, which is undergoing an excessively rapid storm growth, is surprisingly quiet. This leads us to consider another possibility: perhaps these red spots do not harbor a gigantic black hole at their center, but are instead filled with numerous stars, indicating a small-sized primordial galaxy. However, this also presents a problem. A black hole at the center of a galaxy, growing rapidly, emits energy that is vastly greater than that of an ordinary star. Therefore, the red spots identified through X-ray observations should be able to account for the total energy emitted. If we assert that there is no black hole at the center, the situation could become much more complicated, as the energy from black holes is significantly greater.

To fill the entire energy of these red blotches with stars, an excessively large number of stars would be needed. However, as mentioned earlier, the overall size of these red spots is estimated to be very small, only about 100 to 500 light-years in scale. This means that within this cramped space, which is only a fraction of our galaxy's size, an extraordinarily large number of stars must be densely packed together. If stars are clustered at such a high density, it might be more reasonable to assume that they would simply collide and merge into a massive black hole. Astronomers are also considering the possibility that these red spots could be baby versions of quasars that are newly forming in the early universe. If this is the case, these small red spots could provide crucial clues about the growth and formation of supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies, which remains an unresolved issue in the field of galactic astronomy.

It could be a scene where we can see the process of a giant black hole forming at the center of a galaxy in real time. Furthermore, we might clarify how giant galaxies and the supermassive black holes at their centers follow a neat mass ratio relationship. We can also shed more light on the symbiotic relationship between galaxies and black holes. Interestingly, these red spots, which at first seemed to be related only to current astronomers and modern Big Bang cosmology, might actually be a signal that we can finally unlock the secrets of galaxy growth that we have not been able to understand. This is Cosmic Dust, and I will conclude here for today. Please subscribe and like. Thank you, Cosmic Dust viewers. Goodbye.

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