Hello, I'd like to briefly ask you to watch this video. The video is about the topic of underwater quantum related to the Korea Science and Technology Fair held on December 22 last year. Here, we had the opportunity to hear various contents about quantum technology being developed in Korea. To implement a quantum computer, we need something called a quantum gate that can create qubits. We call the conditions for creating this quantum path the 2D Vincent-Joseph conditions. There are various candidates for qubits that satisfy the 2D Vincent-Joseph conditions, such as superconducting circuits, trapped ion quantum computers, cavities inside diamond, and optical lattices. These are all very small entities with quantum properties. However, when you see these gestures or symbols that always appear with quantum computers, you might wonder, What is this all about?

Have you ever seen it? In some videos, they wrap Schrödinger's cat in this opportunity. Actually, in the two examples, they are using one promise. It's like adding the front and back as a promise like a plus sign. In this video today, we will take a closer look at what the simple rights of a quantum computer and what these symbols mean. First, let's briefly look at the principle of the most representative superconducting quantum computer by going through the method of obtaining the superposition state as introduced earlier. For this, we have prepared an interview with Dr. Park at the Quantum Technology Research Institute of the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science. Basically, when I explain conceptually, in a superconducting state, there are a lot of atoms, if you think about it in terms of the number of atoms. But still, in that huge number, there are particles that make up one side of the atom.

You need to move very precisely. When everyone stands in a line and moves like this, people who like to create a volatile atmosphere usually enjoy it. Typically, when electrons generate electricity, it is like water molecules moving in a river. Next to it, electrons form a structure, and atoms form a structure, so they move without resistance, transmitting the signal, which is superconductivity. For example, if people are randomly standing, they cannot move without bumping into each other. However, if people stand in a grid-like pattern, they can move without colliding, creating a flow. This is like a road for vehicles; it becomes a superconducting material when it reaches a certain level, such as voltage standards.

When implementing 4 kg, using such a standard is utilizing Seoul voltage or current under his electrical standard. However, the technology developed to create the electrical standard utilizes superconductors, which can also become very precise magnetic field sensors. Conversely, by cooling the material that is not a superconductor, we can control the quantum state of the superconductor and even use it as a computer. It's like manipulating the quantum state of the superconductor to act as if it were in a certain state. If you think about it in terms of quantum mechanics, electrons are in different energy states, right? By controlling the quantum state of the superconductor, we can manipulate it as if it were in a certain state. Now, to be more precise, what I'm trying to say is that the so-called superconducting qubit is like a kind of pendulum made by electrons, an oscillator. When a regular resonator receives a certain amount of energy, it jumps to a higher energy state like riding on a seesaw, causing it to vibrate. This, in turn, leads to the generation of large oscillations, allowing us to gently talk about the tiredness of a loved one while doing something.

And what comes out when we learn about alternating current is some coils and the measurement length comes out, so it provides four alternating currents, so it's just going back and forth like that, so why are there questions about the new? About four small keys, the vibrator at 10 o'clock, is that right? It's a vibrator at 4 o'clock, and inside it, there is a superconductor. What it does is, originally, the vibrator is at an energy level. When you receive energy in the positive direction, when you receive 45, if you go up one level, it's called a panel. The ninth square is the same time for no reason. Yes, it's not normally like that, right? But when you make a superconductor, it changes. This is because it reduces the dominance of the energy gap in the quantum state. As you go up, you have to develop it more and more. Anyway, the energy is scattered in a scattered place, and they are strong towards each other.

What's different each time is the atomic energy level, it's sporadic. Think about creating artificial atoms. Artificial atoms made with superconductors can only select two because the energy gap varies. Only those in between are created. So they are all the same. For example, if you put in energy equivalent to Western-style salt, it might bounce here today, and maybe doze off the next day. That's right. If you reduce this, it becomes one. So it doesn't apply outside. Why can't you handle it? Right, because it goes to negative and positive. So, by doing that, you can isolate the Spacex-4 when studying the seventh Spacex-4. It seems like you can control the policy before preparing the sample when studying the electron circuit, right? It's like finding the purity of the superconducting device that goes into the electronic circuit. Then, directly observe the quantum computer made of superconducting material being tested here.

We were able to recently 1 the most interesting member country's quantum computer, which we've been yielding to. Why is it now that my computer is creating a system and converging? However, there is nothing to bring up in that system, and it operates 365 days, 24 hours a day. What did you do during the standard vacation? 44 writers and the rescue team are located under the building of the 44th sister, an advanced research institute, within decades. Oh, so this is the most stable place right now. Are we the only ones inside? Now, are you working as a government thanks to the 10 confirmations? The coldest place is here, with a temperature of 7 degrees. Click on the secretary's office. 0.002 Aunt Kang. Oh, this is the quantum computer now. Let's solve the quantum entanglement problem from 3 to 4 years ago. No, it must be among the TBs. Actually, if you look closely, all the squares are the same now.

In one square, there will be 4 to 8 of those Max-like things in each of the n crises below. It will be packed with 8 of them, and you will have to polish and familiarize yourself with them. Until the first-class German time, it's a principle, right? Yes, yes, yes, yes, like a waiter's night, it's really an experience. There are 4 of them, but that's how it's done. Ah, there are lines for controlling the T-bits, and there are leisure meter lines for that. And there are lines for the final reading as well. There were lines for controlling each key. Probably, there is a line for measuring each line. That's right. Yes, on the left side of the house, you mentioned that it's a polished sense of home tab that gives a cool feeling. Now, you said that the single cap is quantum gate floating, could you explain what it is? Now, within the range of what we can do in real-time, could you explain a few things to us?

Now, we are preparing various tests, and among them, one of the reasons why quantum computers are useful is because they can have superposition states. Yes, 0 and 1 are the basis states that we see, but with quantum gates, we can create superposition states. First, we initialize it to zero, and then apply a gate to make it a 0 + state. By measuring it through several operations, we can analyze whether the result is in the desired superposition state. This process evaluates the performance of the quantum gate. As you listen, you may have questions about the terminology. What is an Adam gate? If we write this gate in a formula, it takes the following form. For those of you who may find this like alien language, let's first delve into what these angle brackets mean and then come back here.

Let's take a look back. When describing quantum mechanics mathematically, matrices are very useful. The reason is that by using matrices, you don't have to write vectors in a long form like selecting a vector a and then writing it as a1 x plus a2 y in the basis. You can write it like this: first, x can be represented by a matrix 1 0 0, and y can be written as 0 1 0. Then, the vector a can be written as a1 times 1 0 0 plus a2 times 0 1 0 plus a3 times 0 0 1. This form can be simplified using matrices. As you can see, it turns into a simple form. Rows represent horizontal and columns represent vertical, so the matrix of vector a has been created.

In a one-year matrix, each row indicates a vertical direction as you can see. The method of representing ranges in such matrices can be very useful and creatively used in quantum mechanics operations. Originally, it means the direction in the actual physical space emitted, but mathematically, it is not necessary to refer to the actual space. Especially in quantum mechanics, this matrix representation does not represent vectors in actual physical space. It uses a virtual space called Hilbert space to assist calculations in quantum mechanics. The most significant feature of Hilbert space, a virtual space, is that all factors referring to directions in Hilbert space are orthogonal, meaning they are all perpendicular. If you ask why this is so, remember that it is a space intentionally created to use orthogonality from the beginning, so it will be helpful to keep that in mind.

It's like asking why an apple is called an apple. Now, let's try to express the wave function Ψ of a quantum entity existing in this space. It can be written as follows: Ψ = 10^9e14Σ2pi3... Here, the subscripts 1, 2, 3 represent the specific energy levels where a quantum particle can exist, namely the first, second, third levels of energy. The size of the wave function indicates the position of the particle at a specific energy level. If a quantum entity has one energy level, it will end with 10^9e, and if it has two levels, it will end with 10^9e14... Ultimately, we can represent this in a convenient space called Hilbert space to calculate. However, unfolding matrices like this every time is quite laborious.

I promised to write this in an abbreviated form because writing is cumbersome. Cats between 10 and 9 are safely 2f 4, and this notation was devised by the pioneer of quantum mechanics, Paul Dirac. It is called Dirac notation for planning notation and also referred to as bracket notation. For the convenience of calculations, when representing it as a function located in a Hilbert space, the notation called ket is used, which is expressed with vertical angle brackets. However, according to Bohr's interpretation, the real part of the wave function represents the probability of its quantum existence, as you may already know through quantum mechanics. So, to express which wave function is located on a specific shore with what probability, the size of its wave function corresponding to its level needs to be expressed.

Multiplying the complex conjugate of the amplitude by the probability of the energy level's existence, for example, to calculate the probability of the existence of a particle with a wave function called psi in the first energy level, you need to derive the value of the psi dagger psi. If you want to find the probability of existence in the second level, you just need to find the square of the amplitude, which is the complex conjugate. This term refers to the complex conjugate of a complex number. To represent this, how should we do it? That's why we use Hilbert space. Pay close attention. When performing matrix multiplication, you should know that you need to multiply each element in the row by the corresponding element in the column and sum them up. Horizontal 10, vertical A, B, C. Horizontal X, Y, Z. The result of multiplying these two matrices is ax + by + cz.

It's like this. By applying this, if we can represent a function called Psa wave function like this, what if we write it as follows: K 10 9 Psi Omega Conjugate Com Matsite Con Z Gates Gamma Psi 3 increasing it's ding-ding-ding horizontally blocking, like this, by changing the corresponding wave function values of each level that were arranged in a series into a row and attaching the conjugate. After doing this, if we multiply a row matrix of wave functions corresponding to level 1 values in the back row, what would the calculation result be? It will turn out like this. Here, horizontally and vertically, Psi 100m2, this can be expressed in query notation as follows: Cat Psi number. In this way, naturally, the values of level 2ms, and ding-ding-ding will all disappear, and only the calculation result of the Psi Omega concept corresponding to level one probability value will be derived.

If you want to know the probability value corresponding to level 2, you just need to multiply the cap site. To create such an intuitive notation, the track decided to represent the paired factor made in front of the team as follows. This is called the bracket notation, combining the graph psi and cat's eye left notation with the right notation. In this way, the explanation of the bracket notation has been completed. It may seem a bit difficult, but let's organize it once and try to understand it better. If you want to quickly find the value you want by operating vectors by amplifying a specific potential, you actually have to continue with a very cumbersome solution. The more quantum states there are, the more complex it becomes. Therefore, scientists have decided to represent complex interactions in a simple way with a form called Ifra and Cache, in order to avoid this complexity.

It's a promise. To put it simply, it's like writing 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 as 5 multiplied by 5. So, let's go back to the humble gate operation that looked like alien language earlier and see how this Bra and Ket are effectively used. Now, let's go back to the gate operation as we discussed earlier. It can be represented as follows: Adam A gateman, square root of 2 divided by 1 times Ket 0 + Ket 1 closed times Bra 0 plus square root of 2 divided by 1 times Ket 9 minus Ket 8 closed times Bra 1. Let's slowly dissect this gate that seems to be flying. First of all, the basic idea of a quantum computer is to express 0 and 1 using only two levels, as we have already introduced. We know this well. These two levels are Ket 0 and...

We can denote it as a case called the Kel case. Next, what we will focus on is the bra labeled as Bra in the main mouse and Bra 1. This 2-notation in the n direction, that is, performing an operation before 0 and 1, implies a meaning. In other words, if the input state of the gate a is the state of cat zero, and as a result, after multiplying by the square root of 2 divided by 1, opening the bracket cat 0 + cat long, leaving a lot behind, naturally meaning that energy levels 1 and 2 are precisely superimposed in a state with half the probability each, and similarly, when the gate a's cat one state is operated, after multiplying by the square root of 2 divided by 1, opening the bracket cat 0 - cap 1 long, leaving a lot behind, naturally, the operation result means that energy levels 1 and 2 are equally half, but slightly different directions are opposite. This gives a new meaning to this direction.

You can also refer to this as Cat Plus Friend. When explaining this in a straightforward manner in the Hilbert space of quantum mechanics, which refers to the energy level, we sometimes rotate the direction to follow and talk about this. However, for those of you who might start feeling dizzy, let's cut off the previous explanation and, in conclusion, talk about it. Originally, the input value that was in one quantum state is operated to reflect the state in the visible level probabilistically, which is called a gate. So, when we receive this and turn it into words, we call it a gate. Then, how can this be implemented in quantum computers engineering-wise? Utilizing the superposition state is now the most important in the new computers. Creating a superposition of 0 and 1, for example, can be very powerful. It can be 0 - 1, and for example, the possibility of superposition is still there. We can't determine the phase in the cooling process.

He also says that if the gate is 0 in the beginning, it will be sent to 0, and if it was first place at 4, it will make it 0- change that makes the tool, right? Yes, so if it's 0, it goes to 0, and if it's 1, it changes to 100 - not just giving but changing states. So, how is the gate implemented? The qubits represent the energy states in the qubit, showing 0 and 1, and you need to give the energy difference, right? You give it, but not just one, you give four microwaves to rotate a state, inducing changes in the state, like changing the phase slightly for x-direction and y-direction, involving some micro-adjustments, with a time gap, first rotating one way, then the other way, amplifying for multiple microwaves.

Adjusting abnormalities leads to thinking about KT. When a typical computer reaches a character and me at 500 million eights, if there is a component, a component with a daughter, or a person with only one class, but now, in terms of focus, using the QB Try Gate there, the microwave helps the gate look. Even if it's only one bit, I see. So, when you think about it, now many microwaves pass through sequentially. Microwaves, like adjusting the 4 ATS in existing computer semiconductors, are now sending this hair vertically. Proper 4 4 processing now allows Trisha, 4, to exist at energy levels of 50-50, so that QB 3 can create an impact-making microwave 8-cell with a time difference, continuously, so that the gate effect can be engineered. In existing computers, semiconductors actually

Physically designing and placing gates, each gate must create four characteristics, while I was very surprised and intrigued by the fact that gates can be created using qubit microwave pulses. Today, we looked at the simple principles of quantum computers, as well as a representative notation commonly used in quantum mechanics, the bracket notation, which frequently appears in quantum computers and quantum mechanics. Many of you are concerned that there hasn't been much activity on the channel related to physics work. Actually, I am facing some difficulties in planning several long-term documentary programs at the moment, which seems to be delaying uploads. Despite this, please continue to support me steadily and consider joining the membership.

I always appreciate many subscribers and viewers who support me. I am planning to have fun contests and will continue to upload physics-related videos that have been delayed. While enjoying the warm spring days, if you happen to remember my channel when the alarm goes off, I would be extremely grateful if you could visit. For those who are new, please don't forget to like and subscribe. Today, I would like to say hello to all of you here. Let's always be together like a family of science.

양자역학에 자주 등장하는 꺾쇠 괄호, 대체 뭘까? | 과학쿠키 지식 다큐

인문학 수준으로의 과학의 대중화를 꿈꾸며, 여러분의 과학에 관한 호기심을 꽃피울 수 있도록
과학이라는 틀을 이용해 세상과 소통하는 과학 커뮤니케이터, 컨텐츠 크리에이터 과학쿠키입니다.

과학 + 쿠키영상의 [Science+Cookies]의 의미로, 누구나 부담 없이 만날 수 있는 재미있는 과학 이야기를
발견의 순간에 담긴 과학자들의 뜨거운 열정과 감동을 담아 전달하고 있습니다.
더욱 더 많은 사람들로 하여금 과학의 재미를 느낄 수 있는 문화의 장을 만드는 것을 목표로,
꾸준히 앞으로 나아가고 있습니다 :)
과학이라는 호기심을 통해 세상을 바라보고 싶으신 지적 호기심에 목마른 분들이라면
주저하지 마시고 구독을 통해 과학쿠키와 함께 성장하세요!

과학쿠키를 후원해주시는 방법 ☞ 구독과 좋아요!
과학쿠키를 후원해주시는 가장 좋은 방법, 멤버쉽 구독! ▼
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmgR...
구글, 카카오로 후원하기!▶https://toon.at/donate/sciencecookies_ 

비즈니스 문의 메일 : snceckie1016@gmail.com