The Evolution of International Trade: From Mercantilism to WTO

International trade has interconnected the world, creating winners and losers, necessitating support for the disadvantaged.

### The Complex World of International Trade: A Historical Overview and Modern Challenges
* 🌍 The global trade network involves the movement of goods and services around the world through **intricate supply chains** that source materials, assemble products, and package goods in different countries before reaching consumers.
* 💰 Before the 19th century, countries followed a system of mercantilism, aiming to **maximize exports, minimize imports, and accumulate gold**. This system led to **strict tariffs and barriers to international trade**.
* 🔄 In the late 18th century, classical economists introduced the concept of **comparative advantage**, arguing that countries should **specialize in producing goods they are comparatively good at** and trade with others to **benefit all parties**.
* 📊 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) became the new measure of economic success, focusing on a country's **productivity** and **ability to utilize its resources efficiently**.
* 🌐 The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), later becoming the World Trade Organization (WTO), was established after World War II to **lower trade barriers and create rules for international trade**.
* 📈 From 1990 to 2015, world trade volume increased more than fivefold, from **3.5 trillion to 19 trillion**, creating a tightly interconnected global economy that has brought **cheaper and better goods to more people**.
* 🛑 Challenges in international trade include accusations of unfair practices, such as labor unions in the U.S. claiming the WTO doesn't **adequately protect wages from being undercut by countries like China**, and developing countries arguing that rules don't **consider their unique circumstances**.
* 🏭 Trade inevitably creates winners and losers, with some industries and communities facing difficulties competing with imports. Policymakers must support those who are disadvantaged by trade, **providing training for new jobs** to ensure everyone can benefit from the global trade system.

Every day, a network of ships, trucks, and planes move massive quantities of goods around the world. Your car might come from South Korea, and your T-shirt from Bangladesh. All countries export, sell products, and services abroad, and import, buy goods, and services from foreign trading partners. These goods are manufactured items or agricultural commodities. Services, a dynamic and growing part of trade, refer to all intangible goods such as advertising and telecommunication. But the trade network is more complex than sellers and buyers. The system of worldwide trade is an intricate web in which lengthy supply chains allow products to be sourced, assembled, packaged, and sold in different parts of the world. The materials for your phone or shoes or the tuna fish you had for lunch might have been produced in one country, processed in another country, assembled in a third country, and packaged somewhere else, all before getting to your local store. How does this make sense? Why can't countries just make their own phones, shoes, or tuna

fish and provide more jobs in business
domestically? Before the 19th century,
most European countries tried to do just that, prioritizing self-sufficiency
in a system called mercantilism. Mercantilism aimed to maximize exports,
minimize imports, and increase the country's supply of gold. This system led to strict tariffs,
or taxes on imports, as a way to not only discourage bringing in goods
from abroad, but profit off it. Mercantilism created barriers
to international trade. Countries aim to produce
as much as possible on their own, including things
they weren't able to make efficiently. In the late 18th century,
so-called classical economists refuted these long-held beliefs, championing
the idea that societies should trade with one another to be more successful
because of comparative advantage. The idea that when countries
focus on making things they're comparatively good at an import,
the rest everyone benefits. This is known as specialization,
and when countries don't have to spend

time and resources producing textiles or wine, for example, there's more room for them to innovate and create entirely new products. These classical economists argued that it was counterproductive to judge a country's power on how much gold it could amass. Today, we measure countries in economies on productivity their ability to utilize their limited resources for maximum value. This metric is known as Gross Domestic Product, which totals the sum of all the final goods and services a country produces in a year. Each country's human, physical, technological, and financial resources determine what that country can produce efficiently and successfully. Costa Rica excels at exporting pineapples and coffee, while Germany exports millions of cars and computers. With the acceptance of these new ideas. International trade took off. Measuring GDP instead of just gold helped boost trade and grow economies. At the same time, advances in technology and travel made remote markets much more accessible.

Massive container ships,
cargo planes, and cheap, instantaneous communication connected the world's
producers with millions of new customers. And after World War Two, the newly formed United Nations
created the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, or get this agreement,
substantially lowered trade barriers like tariffs and created rules to dictate
how countries should trade freely. The GATT became the World Trade Organization in 1995
and tried to eliminate even more obstacles
to keep up with the changing world. The WTO expanded the definition of trade to include not just goods
but services, and to create rules governing intellectual property,
such as copyright or a patent. The WTO is also an arena for countries
to hammer out the rules and regulations of international trade and lodge complaints if they believe
those rules aren't followed. According to the principle
of comparative advantage, if one country can't sell a high-quality
product at a reasonable price point or new technology,
make the business uncompetitive.

It will not succeed. Its stores or factories might be forced to
close, and jobs will be lost. That country must then adjust its economy around something
it can be comparatively good at. This is the nature of international trade. However, some countries
and industries are accused of skirting the rules of international trade,
and that's where the WTO tries to come in. For example, in the United States, labor
unions argue the WTO doesn't adequately protect U.S. wages from being undercut
by unfair trade practices in China. And some developing countries
say the WTO rules don't take into consideration
their unique circumstances. For example, agricultural subsidies
provided by wealthy governments make it hard for sellers from smaller
or poorer countries to reasonably export their crops to those countries. The WTO
has failed to solve these problems. They are especially hard to address because changes to the rules
require consensus among the WTO's 164 member countries. Some countries forge
bilateral and regional trade agreements.

to address their particular needs
and trade strategies. In 1994,
the North American Free Trade Agreement, known as NAFTA, was designed
to facilitate more trade among the United States,
Mexico, and Canada. NAFTA provided a blueprint
for similar types of agreements between other countries. From just 1990 to 2015, world
trade volume increased more than fivefold, from 3.5 trillion to 19 trillion. International trade has created
a tightly interconnected world economy that's given more people than ever access
to cheaper and better goods and services. It's created millions of jobs
and strengthened international connections,
leading to global stability. At the same time,
trade can hurt those individuals, companies, and communities
where imports make it impossible for local firms to compete against better
or cheaper goods from somewhere else. Trade will inevitably create winners and losers,
but it is inseparable from modern life. The challenge, then, for policymakers
is to assist those who have been disadvantaged with support
and the training for new jobs.

so everyone can continue to benefit
from the system that is given more choices to consumers, and more work for producers
in every corner of the world.

International Trade Explained | World101

CFR Education

The global trade network involves the movement of goods and services through intricate supply chains across the world.

In the past, countries prioritized self-sufficiency with mercantilism, imposing tariffs to restrict imports, but the idea of comparative advantage led to the promotion of international trade for increased success and specialization in the production process.

The Evolution of Economic Measurement and International Trade

Classical economists argued against the idea of judging a country's power by its gold accumulation, promoting the measurement of productivity and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) instead.

GDP measures a country's ability to efficiently utilize its resources and produce goods and services.

International trade expanded with technological advances and the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO), which not only focused on goods but also services, intellectual property, and trade regulations based on the principle of comparative advantage.

International trade can lead to job loss and economic restructuring in some countries, while also creating opportunities for growth and stability in others.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is tasked with addressing unfair trade practices, but its effectiveness has been questioned, leading some countries to form their own trade agreements.

Despite its challenges, international trade has significantly increased global trade volume, leading to greater access to goods and services, job creation, and stronger international connections, while also creating difficulties for local industries to compete.

The Global Impact of Expanded Choices in Consumerism

Expanded choices benefit consumers worldwide, while also creating more opportunities for producers.

This system's widespread effects are felt in every corner of the globe, leading to increased economic activity.