Understanding Yoga: Definitions, Traditions, and Practices

Yoga encompasses all actions arising naturally without thought, emphasizing intentionality and mindfulness in daily life.

### The Definition and Evolution of Yoga
Yoga encompasses everything except for **natural, thoughtless actions**, with Hatha Yoga movements being **secularized and spread as exercise**. The practice of yoga is connected to **breathing** and has roots in rituals, with the ascetic monk holding a unique power by **carrying the fire within**. The modern form of yoga, including its poses and practices, has evolved from traditional methods and was reorganized in recent times to focus on **health benefits**.

### The Meaning and Evolution of Yoga
Yoga's origin is linked to the nomadic Indo-Aryans during the Vedic period, with the term "**yoga**" representing the cycle of **moving from comfort to hardship**. The practice has been secularized and globally distributed, with its roots in the **Hatha yoga tradition** and the **Yogacarabhumi Sastra**. In Buddhism, yoga is associated with **samadhi** (concentration) and **dhyana** (meditation), with various traditions claiming to practice the **Buddha's original teachings**.

### The Complex Journey to Geumgangsan and the Role of Monks
Traveling to Geumgangsan was exclusive to the wealthy, who used **palanquins carried by monks**, highlighting a **transactional relationship** and the **fear of retaliation**. The movement of monks was essential for maintaining the temple and living expenses, while the evening gatherings for meat and drinks at the temple reflected the **unique position of Buddhism in Korea**. The tradition of retreating to the mountains for spiritual practice, influenced by ancient Indian philosophy, emphasized the importance of **not being too far from human society for sustenance**.

### The Role of Fire in the Human Body and Its Connection to Asceticism
The concept of fire is central to the body's energy, with **warm exhalation and the digestion process** symbolizing internal heat. Ascetics and monks, who practice severe asceticism, value breath and aim to **internalize the fire**, seeking supernatural abilities and ultimately reaching **nirvana**. The tradition of not cremating certain bodies, like those of saints or infants, reflects the belief that they already possess **inner fire**, highlighting the interconnectedness of these concepts.

### The Disappearance of Buddhism in India
Buddhism's decline in India is linked to its evolution into **Mahayana Buddhism**, which focused on **deity worship and making wishes**. The practice of rituals and ceremonies for others became necessary for Buddhists to **maintain their practice and generate income**. The concept of Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism is often misunderstood, and the Buddha himself never conducted rituals or ceremonies, leading to a **disconnect between his teachings and the practices of his followers**.

### The Role of Prayer in Buddhism
The Buddha did not emphasize prayer, as there was no religion at the time that involved **bowing and wishing for things**. Instead, he accepted those with a **humble attitude** and offered them guidance. The later addition of prayer and the reproduction of Buddhist texts created a mixed practice, but the Buddha's original focus was on **meditation, practice, and self-study**.

### The Concept of Buddha and Enlightenment in Buddhism
Buddhist monks may indirectly claim to be Buddha, as the tradition emphasizes a **transcendent state beyond humanity**. The speaker shares their own experience of attaining enlightenment, highlighting the **differences in enlightenment levels** and the influence of **Mahayana Buddhism**. The concept of Buddha-nature is discussed, suggesting that **everyone has the potential to become a Buddha**, and the change occurs **within oneself**.

### The Journey to Enlightenment and Wisdom College
The speaker discusses the process of realizing one's **noble nature** and the gradual practice required for **enlightenment**. They share their own experience of attaining enlightenment in **1990** and emphasize the importance of **understanding and teachings** in the journey to enlightenment. The conversation leads to the introduction of **Wisdom College**, offering courses on the **Upanishads and Buddhism**, with a call for others to **apply and participate** in the upcoming season.

### Understanding Yoga: Its Definition, Traditions, and Connection to Buddhism
* 🧘 Yoga is defined as everything except for actions that come naturally without thought, emphasizing that **all intentional actions**, including breathing, can be considered yoga.
* 📜 The movements taught in yoga studios are part of Hatha Yoga, which has been **secularized and spread globally as a form of exercise**, though the essence of yoga encompasses **all conscious actions**.
* 🔥 In the Bhagavad Gita, it is stated that even going to work is yoga, illustrating that **every action requiring attention** can be part of this practice.
* 🌱 The connection between yoga and Buddhism is explored through concepts like **samadhi (concentration)** and **dhyana (meditative practice)**, both vital in understanding the **deeper aspects of mindfulness and meditation**.
* 📚 Buddhism's appeal may stem from its unique approach, which diverges from typical religious practices that focus on **personal wishes**, instead emphasizing the importance of **meditation and self-discovery**.
* 🕉 The commercialization of yoga today has roots in ancient traditions, with texts like Dharma Putrika highlighting that **anyone, regardless of background, can practice yoga**, reflecting its **inclusive nature**.
* 🌍 As Buddhism evolved, it absorbed various elements, leading to diverse interpretations and practices, yet fundamentally, it teaches that **enlightenment is accessible to everyone**, encapsulated in the idea that "**you are already Buddha**."
* 📖 The upcoming lecture series on the Upanishads and Buddhism will delve deeper into these themes, encouraging a **greater understanding of yoga's historical and philosophical contexts**.

붓다는 우리에게 기도하라고 한적이 없다 f.강성용 서울대학교 남아시아센터장 [더 릴리전]

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