Crime Perception vs Reality: Fear and Statistics Mismatch

Despite declining crime rates, public perception of crime remains high due to media coverage and misconceptions about crime in urban downtown areas.

### The State of American Crime Perception vs. Reality
* 📈 " Since 2019, the homicide rate spiked, but it is now falling, not yet to pre-pandemic levels, but **down**. The broader violent crime and national property crime rates are also falling, meaning that despite not all crime decreasing everywhere, it is **down in most places**.
* 📊 " Despite the declining crime rates over time, **77% of Americans consistently believe that crime is increasing**. Gallup data from the past 35 years shows a persistent fear of crime, even when **actual crime rates have been decreasing**.
* 🏙️ " There is a significant mismatch between the perception and reality of crime, especially regarding where crime occurs. For example, in Chicago, most of the 2020 increase in gun deaths happened in **disadvantaged neighborhoods**, not in the **downtown area**.
* 📺 " Media coverage often focuses on crimes in wealthier or tourist areas, leading to a perception that **crime is rampant in urban downtowns**. Community or everyday gun violence in disadvantaged neighborhoods may not receive as much attention.
* 🏠 " Changes in the composition of people in downtown areas, such as an increase in unsheltered homelessness and visible drug use, have contributed to a feeling of **decreased safety**. However, data shows that equating vulnerable populations with **crime is incorrect**.
* 🏛️ " Many politicians and policymakers are crafting policies based on perception rather than evidence. This has led to counterproductive solutions such as **harsher penalties for petty crimes** and policies that do not effectively address the **actual causes of crime**.

[click] [click] [click click click]. In the fall of 2022, we conducted 100 interviews in New York, Seattle, Chicago, Philadelphia. Hanna Love: she researches cities and public safety at the Brookings Institution. What we overwhelmingly heard from folks was fear of crime in downtown business districts. It was two years into the pandemic, and in the middle of what felt like an explosion of American crime. “Crime spiking on the streets of cities across the country grapple with crime— crime has increased— nationwide spike in violent crime— violent crime in the US is rising— homicides increased by 36%.” But since then, the story has gotten a little more confusing. Sometimes, the news says that crime is going down. But other times... “Crime is turning cities into war zones.” “FBI is underreporting.” “Random acts of violence.” Two thirds of Americans say crime in the US is a very or extremely serious problem.

And more than three quarters of us say there's more crime than a year ago. So which is it? Crime up or crime down? And if it is down, what exactly do most Americans actually think is happening with crime? Crime. Crime. Crime, crime, Crime! Crime. Crime! Crime! Crime! Crime! Crime! Crime! Crime! Crime! Crime! Crime! Crime! Crime! Crime! Crime! So, my first question was, when the news says that crime has decreased, where’s that info coming from? I asked my colleague Abdallah. My name is Abdallah Fayyad, I'm a policy correspondent at Vox. The two areas that we get our crime statistics from are: The FBI crime database... Law enforcement agencies around the country voluntarily report their crime data. The other is the National Crime Victimization Survey, which is administered by the federal government, and asks people directly whether or not they have been victims of a crime.

And both of these sources have their own limitations. The survey usually talks to around a quarter of a million people, which is both a lot of people,
and only about 0.07% of the country. And the FBI’s data is by nature only made
up of crimes that get reported to police. That's actually a big reason the FBI’s data on homicide is one of the most widely studied and cited crime statistics — because murder is almost always reported. Now, right now, this chart ends in 2019. Add 2020, and we see murder spike. There is a reason why people
feel like crime is going up — because crime was going up. But experts we talked to also recommended putting that spike into context: of the way
that things were before this. What sociologists and criminologists refer to as the great crime decline of the nineties. And if you extend the chart in the
other direction too, all the way to 2023,

that 2020 spike starts to look temporary. It's now falling. Not yet to where it was before the pandemic, but down. So that's homicide. But we can also look at the FBI's broader violent crime rate over that same period of time, which also looks like it's falling. The national property crime rate is a similar story. This doesn't mean that all crime is going down everywhere. But it does mean it's down in most places. And yet, 77% of us say the opposite is true. So let's look closer at that. The polling organization Gallup has actually been asking Americans this question for about 35 years. And their data on how people have answered it over that time gives us a clue on how to interpret it. Because it turns out, with the exception of like two years, a majority of Americans have always said that crime is higher than it was last year. What we're seeing is a consistent fear about crime, despite the fact that over the same period of time,

crime had been steadily on the decline, and it's also worth taking a similar look at this chart from earlier, where two-thirds of Americans say crime is a very or extremely serious problem in the US. We can also chart that over time and see that it is also a pretty consistent belief. But Gallup also asked another version of that question: How serious a problem is crime in your area? And only a small minority of Americans typically say that crime where they live is a very or extremely serious problem. In other words, the vast majority of Americans feel safe. But there is this kind of abstract perception of crime is out of control. Crime is out of control. But not where I am. But somewhere. That “somewhere” was partly the subject of Hannah's research interviews, many of which, remember, were about a specific fear in a specific place. Fear of random acts of violence downtown. Violent crime downtown. In the parts of cities where people go to work.

Hannah and her team found that interesting, because they also did a geographic analysis
of where in cities crime was happening. When we crunched the data,
we found that there was a significant mismatch in perception and reality of crime, particularly as it pertains to where crime occurs. In Chicago, for example, they found that most of the increase in gun deaths in 2020 happened in disadvantaged neighborhoods on the West, South, and Southwest sides, and barely at all in the dense downtown Loop area. In New York, they found that in the busiest parts of the city, violent crime only increased about 2% from 2019 to 2022, compared to an 8% increase in the rest of the city. Downtowns were not driving any sort of citywide increases in crime, even though people felt as though they were. So even when violent crime was higher, it wasn't high where people thought it was high. But why did people think that?

Hold on to that thought. Because, slight tone change... This video is sponsored by BetterHelp. The US election is just a few months away, which for a lot of people is stressful. It is important to stay informed, but it is also important to take care of yourself. And this month, while the stress of the fall
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to get 10% off your first month. Alright. So we were looking at this data,
that showed us that  while people thought urban downtowns
were really dangerous, they actually weren't. Now, one reason people thought that
might have been media coverage. Crime continues to concentrate within neighborhoods where it's always been bad. But community or everyday gun violence
often doesn't make the headlines.

as much as something that would happen in a wealthier or more tourist-based district. “Two violent attacks in Times Square.” “Two separate stabbings in Center City.” “Four robberies that have happened downtown.” But Hannah found that the people she talked to weren't just seeing stuff on TV. They were also reacting to something they were seeing in person. When we were doing our interviews, people often conflated crime and unsheltered homelessness within the same breath. One thing that has changed a bit since the pandemic is in who you see on the streets in these downtown neighborhoods. Before the pandemic, that would be overwhelmingly office workers. Some tourists. But there were also always some number of people on the streets experiencing homelessness, addiction, mental health issues. And then the pandemic emptied these places out. And, as office workers and tourists slowly returned... When there's less people crowding the streets, you're more likely to see things like visible homelessness or visible drug use.

Today, more of us are back in offices, but there are also, by some accounts, simply more vulnerable people on the streets, partly due to the cutting of social services. For example, by 2022, New York State had 20% fewer psychiatric beds for people with severe mental illness than it had in 2014. And from 2019 to 2023, the number of Americans experiencing unsheltered homelessness went up by more than 20%. I live in Boston, where over the past few years there has been a homeless encampment that does create this public perception that there is not just disorder, but chaos in how the city is running itself, even if those encampments don't necessarily pose, you know, an imminent threat or danger to the residents that live in those areas. Changes like these can make a city feel different, even less safe. But all the data we have tells us that equating vulnerable people with crime

is not correct. And here's the problem with that. “If people don't feel safe, then we're not accomplishing our task. Stats don't matter if people don't believe
they are in a safe environment.” What we're currently seeing right now is a lot of politicians and policymakers crafting policy based on perception rather than evidence. The governor of New York sent the National Guard to patrol the New York City subway. Crime on the subway had already been on the decline. That's an explicit example right there of having perception-based policy take a lot of municipal resources and taxpayer money, without having any results, because it's in the wrong place. A lot of what we're seeing are counterproductive policy solutions to crime in the long term. Harsher penalties for petty crime, that include eliminating eligibility for parole and probation. In San Francisco, voters imposed drug test requirements on welfare recipients. Tough-on-crime bills that we kind of felt like the country was moving away from
over the last 10, 15 years.

and now are coming back in a very big way. In a way, this is an impossible story to tell. Try telling the victim of an actual crime that crime is down. Try telling it to a country seeing real crimes on TV. Last time, I’ll show you this chart. And I want you to tell me which of the following two clips fits it better. “Last year, the murder rate saw the sharpest decrease in history. Violent crime fell to one of its lowest levels in more than 50 years.” “The defund-the-police Democrats have turned our once-great cities into cesspools of bloodshed and crime.” In April 2024, an ABC News poll found that voters trust Donald Trump over Joe Biden on crime and safety by a margin of eight percentage points. I was honestly surprised it wasn't more than that. Imagine that the homicide rate kept falling like this. And that by 2025 or 2026, you saw it get to its lowest in decades.

Most Americans are wrong about crime

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The Confusing Narrative of Rising and Falling Crime Rates

There is a widespread fear of increasing crime in downtown business districts across the US, with a significant spike in violent crime and a 36% increase in homicides.

However, there are conflicting reports in the news, with some sources stating that crime is decreasing.

Crime statistics are obtained from the FBI crime database and the National Crime Victimization Survey, both of which have limitations in their data collection.

The recent spike in crime needs to be viewed in the context of the great crime decline of the nineties for a better understanding of the overall trend.

The Mismatch Between Perceived and Actual Crime Rates

The overall violent crime rate and national property crime rate have been consistently decreasing, despite 77% of Americans believing the opposite.

Americans have consistently perceived crime as a growing problem, while data shows that the majority of them actually feel safe in their own areas.

Research has shown a significant mismatch between people's perception of crime and the actual location of crime, with downtown areas being feared as high-crime areas, even though the data indicates otherwise.

The Impact of Media Coverage on Perceptions of Urban Crime

Media coverage often creates a distorted view of urban downtowns as more dangerous than they really are.

The concentration of crime in certain neighborhoods receives less attention than everyday violence, leading to misconceptions.

The return of office workers and tourists to downtown areas after the pandemic has led to increased visibility of homelessness and drug use, shaping public perception of urban safety.

The Impact of Perception-Based Policies on Homelessness and Crime

Cutbacks in social services have led to a decrease in psychiatric beds and an increase in unsheltered homelessness.

Homeless encampments in cities are affecting public perception of safety, despite not posing an imminent danger.

Politicians are crafting policies based on perception rather than evidence, leading to the misallocation of resources and counterproductive solutions to crime.

Crime rates have actually been decreasing, despite the widespread belief in a crime-ridden society.

Politicians and media often portray a skewed narrative of increasing crime to drive fear.

Public perception of crime does not align with the reality of decreasing crime rates.